Tretinoin

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Tretinoin
Tretinoin2DACS.svg
Tretinoin3Dan.gif
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
Clinical data
Trade names Avita, Renova, Retin-a
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a682437
Licence data US Daily Med:link
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: X (High risk)
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
Routes of
administration		 Topical, oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding > 95%
Biological half-life 0.5-2 hours
Identifiers
CAS Number 302-79-4 YesY
ATC code D10AD01 (WHO) L01XX14
PubChem CID: 444795
IUPHAR/BPS 2644
DrugBank DB00755 YesY
ChemSpider 392618 YesY
UNII 5688UTC01R YesY
KEGG D00094 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:15367 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL38 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C20H28O2
Molecular mass 300.4412 g/mol
  • O=C(O)\C=C(\C=C\C=C(\C=C\C1=C(\CCCC1(C)C)C)C)C
  • InChI=1S/C20H28O2/c1-15(8-6-9-16(2)14-19(21)22)11-12-18-17(3)10-7-13-20(18,4)5/h6,8-9,11-12,14H,7,10,13H2,1-5H3,(H,21,22)/b9-6+,12-11+,15-8+,16-14+ YesY
  • Key:SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-YCNIQYBTSA-N YesY
Physical data
Melting point 180 °C (356 °F)
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Tretinoin (etymology and pronunciation) is retinoic acid in pharmaceutical form. One of several retinoids, it is the carboxylic acid form of vitamin A and is also known as all-trans retinoic acid or ATRA. It is a first generation topical retinoid commonly used to treat acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. It is available as a cream or gel (brand names Aberela, Airol, A-Ret, Atralin, Avita, Retacnyl, Refissa, Renova, Retin-A, Retino-A, ReTrieve, or Stieva-A). The most common strengths are 0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1%. It is also used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and is sold for this indication by Roche under the brand name Vesanoid. It is also available as a generic. Its isomer, isotretinoin, is also an acne drug.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[1]

Medical uses

Dermatology

Tretinoin was co-developed by James Fulton and Albert Kligman in 1969.[2] Together, Fulton and Kligman are credited as the inventors of Retin-A.[2] Fulton was a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania at the time.[2] The University of Pennsylvania held the patent for Retin-A, which it licensed to pharmaceutical companies.[2]

Tretinoin is most commonly used as a form of acne treatment.[3] It was the first retinoid developed for this type of topical use.[citation needed] Tretinoin is the best studied retinoid in the treatment of photoaging.[4] It is used by some as a hair loss treatment [5] and is a component of many commercial products that are advertised as being able to slow skin aging or remove wrinkles.[6][7] Topical tretinoin is also used to treat and reduce the appearance of stretch marks by increasing collagen production in the dermis.[8]

Leukemia

Tretinoin, marketed as Vesanoid, is used to treat at least one form of cancer (acute promyelocytic leukemia, also called acute myeloid leukemia subtype M3), usually together with other drugs, by causing the immature promyelocytes to differentiate (i.e. mature).[9][10]

The pathology of the leukemia is due to the highly proliferative immature cells; retinoic acid drives these cells to develop into functional cells, which helps to alleviate the disease.[citation needed] It is usually prescribed for 15 days every three months at about 8–10 10-mg capsules per day.[citation needed]

Clinical pharmacology

Successfully treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with Tretinoin was a major breakthrough in APL therapy.[11] It works in APL because the majority of cases involve a chromosomal translocation of chromosomes 15 and 17, which causes genetic fusion of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) gene to the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene.[12] This fusion PML-RAR protein is responsible for preventing immature myeloid cells from differentiating into more mature cells. This block in differentiation is thought to cause leukemia. ATRA acts on PML-RAR to lift this block, causing the immature promyelocytes to differentiate to normal mature blood cells thus decreasing promyelocytes.[citation needed]

Side effects

In dermatological use

When used, dryness or increased sensitivity to sunlight of the affected skin may occur.[13] More sensitive patients may also experience redness, scaling, itching, and burning.[14] A gradual increase in the frequency and amount of tretinoin application is best, as this allows one's skin to adequately adjust to the drug. Patients should be careful to follow their physician's recommendations when beginning a round of treatment.

As this product may cause irritation, it may indirectly increase sun sensitivity and fragility of the skin.[15] Patients who are using the drug should apply moisturizer and sunscreen to reduce the chance of developing sunburn while using tretinoin.[15] Additionally, patients using tretinoin should be cautious when simultaneously using other topical medications that contain salicylic acid, resorcinol, or sulfur because these medications may potentiate the drying and possibly irritating effects of tretinoin.[16] Topical tretinoin should be avoided during pregnancy because its use has been linked to birth defects in several case reports.[17]

In leukemia use

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. There is a unique complication of retinoic acid syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. This is associated with the development of dyspnea, fever, weight gain, peripheral edema and is treated with dexamethasone. The etiology of retinoic acid syndrome has been attributed to capillary leak syndrome from cytokine release from the differentiating promyelocytes.

Teratogenicity

It is a teratogen, and therefore can cause birth defects and tests have shown increases in fetal skull abnormalities in rats.[18] Women who are or may be pregnant, or who are seeking to become pregnant, are therefore warned against using it.[19] This teratogenic effect is caused by the interference of the exogenous retinoic acid with endogenous retinoic acid signaling, which plays a role in patterning the developing embryo. However the risks of topical tretinoin to the fetus seems to be limited.[20]

Research uses

A study published by the European Respiratory Journal in 2002, suggested tretinoin can reverse the effects of emphysema in mice by returning elasticity (and regenerating lung tissue through gene mediation) to the alveoli.[21] Studies suggested this might form a promising treatment in human emphysema patients.[22] However, a newer follow-up study done in 2006 found inconclusive results ("no definitive clinical benefits") using vitamin A (retinoic acid) in treatment of emphysema in humans and stated further research is needed to reach conclusions on this treatment.[23]

Etymology and pronunciation

The name tretinoin comes from trans- + retinoic,[24] and the name isotretinoin is the same root plus the prefix iso-. The following variants apply equally to both words. Given that retinoic is pronounced /ˌrɛtᵻˈnoʊᵻk/,[24][25][26][27] it is natural that /ˌtrɛtᵻˈnoʊᵻn/ is a commonly heard pronunciation. Dictionary transcriptions also include /ˌtrᵻˈtɪnoʊ.ᵻn/[25][26] and /ˈtrɛtᵻnɔɪn/.[24][27]

File:Tube and Packaging of Tretinoin Cream.jpeg
A tube of Tretinoin cream and its packaging

Pricing

Retin-A Micro, which received FDA approval in January 2014 and Jublia, which received FDA approval in July 2014,[28] is one of a number of products that Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc acquired with the purchase of Dow Pharmaceuticals in 2008.[29] They also filled Retin-A Micro Tretinoin prescriptions.[29] They are sold through the specialty pharmacy Philidor Rx Services in the United States.[30]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ MedlinePlus Drug Information: Tretinoin Topical
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Retin-A (Tretinoin)
  14. ↑ Tretinoin Side Effects | Drugs.com
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Tretinoin [package insert]. Manati, Puerto Rico: Ortho Pharmaceutical; 2012.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Tretinoin facts and comparisons at Drugs.com
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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