Marmaray

Marmaray
Overview
Type	Commuter rail
Status	Partially Operational
Locale	Istanbul, Turkey
Termini	Kazlıçeşme Halkalı Future Ayrılık Çeşmesi Gebze Future
Stations	5 41Future
Daily ridership	148,034 (2014)
Operation
Opened	29 October 2013 (first phase)
Owner	TCDD
Operator(s)	TCDD
Rolling stock	E32000 EMUs
Technical
Line length	13.6 km 76.6 kmFuture
No. of tracks	2 single track tunnels 3 track on surface with additional passing loops
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification	25 kV, 50 Hz AC Overhead line
Operating speed	40 km/h (25 mph) (average)
Route map Legend Distance Station 0 km Halkalı 1 km (0.6 mi) Mustafakemal 3 km (1.9 mi) Küçükçekmece 6 km (3.7 mi) Florya 9 km (5.6 mi) Yeşilköy 11 km (6.8 mi) Yeşilyurt 13 km (8.1 mi) Ataköy 14 km (8.7 mi) Bakırköy 15 km (9.3 mi) Yenimahalle 17 km (10.6 mi) Zeytinburnu 19 km (11.8 mi) Kazlıçeşme İstanbul-Halkalı Line Yedikule Kocamustafapaşa 22 km (13.7 mi) Yenikapı Yenikapı Kumkapı Cankurtaran 25 km (15.5 mi) Sirkeci Bosphorus 28 km (17.4 mi) Üsküdar Haydarpaşa 33 km (21 mi) Ayrılık Çeşmesi Haydarpaşa-Gebze Line 33 km (20.5 mi) Söğütlüçeşme 35 km (21.7 mi) Feneryolu 36 km (22.4 mi) Göztepe 38 km (23.6 mi) Erenköy 39 km (24.2 mi) Suadiye 41 km (25.5 mi) Bostancı 42 km (26.1 mi) Küçükyalı 43 km (26.7 mi) İdealtepe 45 km (28.0 mi) Süreyya Plajı 46 km (28.6 mi) Maltepe 48 km (29.8 mi) Cevizli 50 km (31.1 mi) Atalar 51 km (31.7 mi) Başak 52 km (32.3 mi) Kartal 54 km (33.6 mi) Yunus 56 km (34.8 mi) Pendik 58 km (36.0 mi) Kaynarca 60 km (37.3 mi) Tersane 61 km (37.9 mi) Güzelyalı 62 km (38.5 mi) Aydıntepe 63 km (39.1 mi) İçmeler 66 km (41.0 mi) Tuzla 70 km (43.5 mi) Çayırova 71 km (44.1 mi) Fatih 72 km (44.7 mi) Osmangazi 75 km (47 mi) Gebze

Marmaray (pronounced [ˈmaɾmaˌɾaj]) is a partially operational rail transportation project in the Turkish city of Istanbul. It comprises an undersea rail tunnel under the Bosphorus strait, and the modernization of existing suburban railway lines along the Sea of Marmara from Halkalı on the European side to Gebze on the Asian side. The procurement of new rolling stock for suburban passenger traffic is also part of the project. Construction started in 2004, with an initial target opening date of April 2009. After multiple delays caused by the discovery of historical and archaeological finds, the first phase of the project opened on 29 October 2013. It is the first standard gauge rail connection between Europe and Asia. The second phase of the project was scheduled to open in 2015, but the work has been stopped and it is unknown when it will be finished.

The name Marmaray comes from combining the name of the Sea of Marmara, which lies just south of the project site, with ray, the Turkish word for rail. The Turkish press has compared it to the Silk Road.

Project

The project includes a 13.6-kilometre (8.5 mi) crossing of the Bosphorus and the upgrade of 63 kilometres (39 mi) of suburban rail lines to create a 76.6-kilometre (47.6 mi) high-capacity passenger line between Gebze and Halkalı, along with the provision of 440 electric multiple unit cars.

First phase

The construction contract for the project was awarded to a Japanese-Turkish consortium led by Taisei Corporation in July 2004. The consortium included Gama Endustri Tesisleri Imalat ve Montaj, Nurol Construction.

The Bosphorus (Istanbul Strait) is crossed by a 1.4-kilometre-long (0.87 mi) earthquake-proofed immersed tube, assembled from 11 sections; eight are 135 metres (443 ft), two are 98.5 metres (323 ft), and one element is 110 metres (360 ft) long. The elements weigh up to 18,000 tons. The sections have been placed down to 60 metres (197 ft) below sea level: 55 metres (180 ft) of water and 4.6 metres (15 ft) of earth. This underwater tube is accessed by bored tunnels from Kazlıçeşme on the European side and Ayrılıkçeşmesi on the Asian side of Istanbul. It represents the world's deepest undersea immersed tube tunnel. Fire-resistant concrete developed in Norway was crucial for the safety of the project.

Construction of the Marmaray project started in May 2004. The Marmaray tunnel was completed on 23 September 2008, with a formal ceremony to mark completion of the tunnel on 13 October.

Path of the rail tunnel project (dotted line) within the Marmaray railway, across the Bosphorus strait.

New underground stations have been built at Yenikapı, Sirkeci, and Üsküdar. The stations at Yenikapı and Ayrılık Çeşmesi connect with the Istanbul Metro.

On 29 October 2013, the first stage of the Marmaray project, covering the underground connection between Europe and Asia, was inaugurated. Since then, passengers have been able to travel between Kazlıçeşme and Ayrılık Çeşmesi. In the early days after opening, trains had to stop several times, which caused much discussion in Turkey. These stoppages were explained as being caused by curious passengers using the emergency brakes.

Second phase

The second stage is the renewal of current railways on the ground, between Gebze and Ayrılık Çeşmesi on the Asian side, and between Kazlıçeşme and Halkalı on the European side. It was scheduled to be completed at the same time as the first phase (tunnels and underground parts), but little progress has been made on this and it is still incomplete. A third line will be added which will provide the EMU cars and other rail cars the ability to move separately. Only after completion of this stage will it be possible for trains to cross from Europe to Asia or vice versa. Thirty-seven other above-ground stations along the line will be rebuilt or refurbished. The capacity of the line is planned to be 75,000 passengers per hour in each direction (PPHPD). Signalling will also be modernized to allow trains to be as close as two minutes apart. The predicted travel time from Gebze to Halkalı is 104 minutes.

Completion of the entire project had been repeatedly delayed. As of December 2009, it was expected to occur in October 2013 but as of May 2015 the old suburban lines had been removed but no progress had been made on replacing them. After completion, the use of rail transportation in Istanbul is predicted to rise from 3.6% to 27.7%. It is also planned that during off-peak hours, YHT, Mainline and Regional trains will also pass through the tunnel in order to reach the European side of the city.

Freight

In February 2010, Railway Gazette International reported that the tunnel's administrators were hiring consultants to analyse options for carrying freight traffic.

Although not officially announced by TCDD, the Prime Minister and officers stated several times that Marmaray will help to bring back the use of the term "Silk Road" with a new name of "Iron Silk Road" by allowing freight trains to move between Europe and China. Freight trains free of dangerous goods will be able to move through the tunnel during the time metro cars are not working (between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m.).

Rolling stock

Marmaray train set at Ayrılık Çeşmesi.

Main article: TCDD E32000

Hyundai Rotem announced on 11 November 2008 that it had signed a €580 million contract to supply the rolling stock for the Marmaray cross-Bosphorus tunnel project in Istanbul. The Korean firm had competition from shortlisted bidders Alstom, CAF, and a consortium of Bombardier, Siemens, and Nurol for the 440-vehicle contract which was placed by the Ministry of Transport's General Directorate of Railways, Harbours, and Airports.

The 22-metre-long (72 ft) stainless steel cars will be formed into ten-car and five-car EMUs. Some production will be carried out locally by Eurotem, Hyundai Rotem's joint venture with Turkish rolling stock manufacturer TÜVASAŞ. The cars will arrive in three batches: the first 160 cars by 2011 and the last by June 2014.

Delays

The project was delayed four years, largely due to the discovery of a Byzantine-era and other 8,000-year-old archaeological finds on the proposed site of the European tunnel terminal in 2005. The excavations produced evidence of the city's largest harbour, the 4th-century Harbour of Eleutherios (later known as the Harbour of Theodosius). There, archaeologists uncovered traces of the city wall of Constantine the Great, and the remains of several ships, including what appears to be the only ancient or early medieval galley ever discovered, preventing the project from proceeding at full speed. In addition, the excavation has uncovered the oldest evidence of settlement in Istanbul, with artifacts, including amphorae, pottery fragments, shells, pieces of bone, horse skulls, and nine human skulls found in a bag, dating back to 6,000 BCE. Glass artefacts and fragments dating from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods have been found during excavations at Sirkeci.

The suburban rail upgrade section of the project, known originally as CR1, was first awarded to the AMD Rail Consortium, comprising Marubeni of Japan, Dogus Insaat of Turkey and Alstom of France. However, it faltered and the work was re-tendered as contract CR3 in early 2011. The replacement contract worth €932.8 million was awarded to a joint venture of OHL and Invensys Rail. This section was planned to be completed by June 2015. However, due to "slow down" in construction works, there have been further delays in this section of the project and nobody knows when it will open.

Tunnel construction is only about 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the active North Anatolian Fault, worrying engineers and seismologists. "Since AD 342, it has seen large earthquakes that each claimed more than 10,000 lives." Scientific calculations estimated a probability of 77 percent that, at some time in the next 30 years, the area will suffer an earthquake of strength 7.0 or more on the Richter magnitude scale. The waterlogged, silty soil on which the tunnel is constructed has been known to liquefy during an earthquake; to solve this problem, engineers injected industrial grout down to 24 metres (79 ft) below the seabed to keep it stable. The walls of the tunnel are made of waterproof concrete coated with a steel shell, each independently watertight. The tunnel is made to flex and bend, similar to the way tall buildings are constructed to react if an earthquake hits. Floodgates at the joints of the tunnel are able to close and isolate water in the event of the walls' failure.

Steen Lykke, project manager for Avrasyaconsult, the international consortium that is overseeing the construction, sums it up, saying, "I can't think of any challenge this project lacks".

Financing

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the European Investment Bank (EBI) have provided major financing for the project. By April 2006, JICA had lent 111 billion yen and EIB 1.05 billion euro. The total cost of the project is expected to be approximately 2.5 billion US dollars. In late 2009, costs were expected to increase by approximately 500 million US dollars due to the archaeological delays.

Test ride

On 4 August 2013, the Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, was the driver for the first test ride on Marmaray. The ride started from Ayrılık Çeşmesi station (older name İbrahimağa station) at the Asian side and ended at a distance of about 10 km (6.2 mi) on the European side crossing Bosphorus underwater, and then back.

It was announced that the first phase of the Marmaray project consisting of four stations would go into service on 29 October 2013, the 90th anniversary of the foundation of the Turkish Republic. The travel time on the first section, connecting both sides of the Bosphorus, being 19 minutes. The completion of the entire project was expected in 2015 but it currently looks unlikely that it will be finished before 2016 at the earliest.

Opening

The tunnel was officially opened on 29 October 2013, on the Turkish Republic's 90th anniversary Republic Day. The maiden journey took place following the grand opening ceremony attended by President Abdullah Gül and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, as well as the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, the Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta, the Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, and a number of foreign civil servants.

Following the opening ceremony, commuter trains now go from Ayrılık Çeşmesi station (Asian side) to Kazlıçeşme station (European side), stopping at three underground stations along the way.

Suicide threat scandal

After the opening ceremony, Yeni Şafak published a letter addressed to the Japanese workers working on the Marmaray, in which the Turkish officers responsible for the construction threatened to commit suicide if the project did not finish before the October 2013 deadline. The letter was signed in blood by Metin Tahan, the Turkish Transportation Ministry Infrastructure Investment Director General.

Marmaray in numbers

Some figures of the project are as follows:

• Overall length: 76.3 km (47.4 mi)
• Tunnel section: 13.6 km (8.5 mi)
• Immersed tube: 1,387 m (4,551 ft)
• Deepest point: 60.46 m (198.4 ft)
• Minimum curve radius: 300 m (980 ft)
• Maximum gradient: 1.8%
• Surface stations: 37
• Underground stations: 3
• Interchanges: 4
• Inter-city stations: 8
• Minimum platform length: 225 m (738 ft)
• Average station spacing: 1.9 km (1.2 mi)
• Maximum speed: 100 km/h (62 mph)
• Commercial speed: 45 km/h (28 mph)
• Headway: 2–10 minutes
• Passengers per hour and direction: 75,000
• Number of passenger cars: 440

Note: Station of Mustafakemal is actually one of Kanarya, which is quarter of Küçükçekmece district.

Passenger numbers

4.5 million passengers travelled through in the first 15 days, which were free of charge. There were 10 million passengers in the beginning of 2014, 13.5 million in first four months and 21.4 million in first six months. On average, there are 120,000 passengers per day.

The project has a target of 1.5 million passengers per day after completion of the whole project.

Gallery

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  staircases

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  Inside of Station

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  from Üsküdar to Cankurtaran first fold

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  View of tunnel

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  View of tunnel

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  View of tunnel

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  View of tunnel

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  Station

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  Tunnel

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  Tower crane

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  Tower crane

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  Two different tunneling methods

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  signboard in tunnel

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  Number 1 shows tunnel excavated by TBM, number 2 shows immersed tunnel

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  Under construction

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  Railwork

See also

• Eurasia Tunnel
• Public transport in Istanbul
• Rail transport in Turkey
• Turkish Straits

External links

• Marmaray project official website
• Overview of the Marmary history, justification, and construction process with pictures
• Marmaray Project:
  • L. C. F. Ingerslev, 2005, "Considerations and strategies behind the design and construction requirements of the Istanbul Strait immersed tunnel," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20: 604–08.
  • Steen Lykke and Hüseyin Belkaya, 2005, "The project and its management," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20: 600–03.
  • Steen Lykke and Frits van de Kerk, 2005, "Marine operations, the Bosphorus Crossing," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20: 609–11.
  • Hideki Sakaeda, 2005, "Tunnels and stations in BC contract," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20: 612–16.
• Ahmet Gokce, Fumio Koyama, Masahiko Tsuchiya, Turgut Gencoglu, 2009, "The challenges involved in concrete works of Marmaray immersed tunnel with service life beyond 100 years," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 24: 592–601.
• Istanbul Technical University Marmaray Laboratory web site.
• Tunnelbuilder technical description.
• (Turkish) Marmaray BC1 project and surveying works
• BBC article on the project.