Manuel Gálvez

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Manuel Gálvez
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Born Manuel Gálvez
(1882-07-18)18 July 1882
Paraná, Entre Ríos
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Buenos Aires
Monuments Bust in Plaza Vicente Lopez, Buenos Aires
Education Law degree (1904)
Alma mater University of Buenos Aires
Occupation Inspector of schools
Known for Writer
Notable work Nacha Regules (1919), Historia de arrabal (1923), Los caminos de la muerte (1928), El general Quiroga (1932)
Style Romanticism, Costumbrismo

Manuel Gálvez (18 July 1882 – 14 November 1962) was an Argentine novelist, poet, essayist, historian and biographer.

Early years

Gálvez, a member of one of the leading patrician families of Entre Ríos Province, was educated by the Jesuits before attending the University of Buenos Aires, graduating in 1904 with a law degree.[1] He was employed as a schools inspector from 1906 to 1931.[1]

His early political ideas were somewhat fluid. At university he had helped to found a highly traditionalist literary review called Ideas but soon after graduation he was involved in liberalism before becoming captivated by the Spanish Generation of '98.[1] As such along with the likes of Ricardo Rojas he became part of a Hispanidad movement within Argentine literature that sought closer cultural ties with Spain.[2]

By widely reading the Hispanidad authors and examining their works for a specifically Argentine audience in his own writing Gálvez has been credited for ensuring the spread of the ideology amongst the country's nationalist intellectuals.[3] He also emphasised the centrality of the Roman Catholic Church to Argentine identity.[4]

Nationalism

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See also: Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)

Between 1906 and 1910 Gálvez became a regular visitor to Spain and these journeys helped to solidify his belief in Hispanidad, as expounded in his 1913 book El Solar de la Raza.[1] Politically he became associated with the rightist nationalism of the country's upper classes[5] and indeed claimed in his collection of essays El Diario de Gabriel Quiroga that he was the first genuine Argentine nationalist in history.[1] He was particularly fixated on the dilution of Argentine culture that he feared was taking place due to what he believed was the influx of Jews, whom he identified with anarchism, Italian peasants, whom he identified with materialism, and international finance, which he believed fuelled decadence and cosmopolitanism.[1] El Solar de la Raza in particular was important to the development of Argentine nationalism, joining Rojas' La Restauracion Nacionalista as one of the two great founding documents of ideological nationalism in the country.[6] The book extolled the virtues of the rural over the urban, rejecting the cosmopolitanism of Argentina's cities and claiming that the true spirit of the nation remained in the countryside away from internationalist influences.[7]

He was the first of the nationalist writers to promote Juan Manuel de Rosas as an archetype of Argentine values,[1] which was later shared by most of his contemporaries.[1] Gálvez's hero worship of Rosas led him to pen a series of five novels set during his rule, to become joint editor of a journal named after Rosas and to serve as Vice President of the Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas 'Juan Manuel de Rosas'.[1] The latter group, which came to specialise in historical revisionism about Argentina, had been established in 1938 by Gálvez, Roberto de Laferrère, Carlos Ibarguren, Ernesto Palacio and Rodolfo and Julio Irazusta.[8]

Although seeking the development of a new and stronger national identity, Gálvez had initially stopped short of supporting any major changes to the country's political system.[9] However, in 1925 Gálvez adopted Italian fascism as his preferred mode of government, arguing that it was the only way to prevent the weak government that he felt was aiding the growth of his declared enemies of communism, immigration and American imperialism.[1] He would also look to the example of the Falange, arguing that these fascist groups were the only ones capable of defending religion and tradition from "Satanic" communism.[10]

He denied charges of anti-Semitism, claiming that he opposed Jewish immigration to Argentina simply because he was anti-immigration rather than anti-Jewish, although he regularly criticised perceived Jewish influence in Argentina and as late as 1962 his novel El Mal Metafisico was criticised for the highly stereotypical portrayal of Jewish characters.[11] However, despite publicly endorsing versions of fascism he always stopped short of full fascism in his writing due to the innate conservatism of his traditionalism and his main political influences were fellow ultra-traditionalists Charles Maurras and Maurice Barrès.[11] Following the election of Juan Perón as President in 1946 Gálvez became a leading figure in the strand of the nationalist movement that enthusiastically supported the new regime.[12]

Writing

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A bust of Gálvez in Buenos Aires.

Gálvez was a prolific writer whose works covered a number of styles and genres. As a novelist his works included La sombra del convento, El cántico espiritual, Miércoles Santo, La tragedia de un hombre fuerte, La noche toca a su fin y Cautiverio, La muerte en las calles (1949), Nacha Regules (1919) and Historia de arrabal (1923), the latter two works proving his most widely celebrated.[13] He was a literary prize winner for both Los caminos de la muerte (1928) and El general Quiroga (1932).[13] His theatrical works include El hombre de los ojos azules (1928) and Calibán (1943).[13]

His volume of work increased significantly in the 1950s, as he wrote Tiempo de odio y angustia (1951), Han tocado a degüello (1840–1842) (1951), Bajo la garra anglo-francesa (1953), Y así cayó Don Juan Manuel (1954), Las dos vidas del pobre Napoleón (1954), El uno y la multitud (1955), Tránsito Guzmán (1956), Poemas para la recién llegada (1957), Perdido en su noche (1958), Recuerdos de la vida literaria (1961), Me mataron entre todos (1962) and La locura de ser santo (1967) amongst others.[13]

His first poetic work was 1907's El enigma interior, followed in 1909 by the similar Sendero de humildad. He was the art critic of Nostros, a cultural magazine.[14] As an essayist, polemicist and critic he published El solar de la raza (1913), La vida múltiple (1916), Amigos y maestros de mi juventud (1944) and El novelista y las novelas (1959) as well as biographies of such historic figures as Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Hipólito Yrigoyen and Gabriel García Moreno.[13]

Personal life

He was married to the writer, Delfina Bunge.[15] He died in 1962 in Buenos Aires.

Works in English translation

  • "Emilia Pardo Bazan," Inter-America: A Monthly Magazine (1921)
  • Nacha Regules (1922; translated by Leo Ongley)
  • Holy Wednesday (1934; translated by Warre B. Wells)

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 144
  2. ↑ Nicolas Shumway, The Invention of Argentina, 1999, p. 139
  3. ↑ Callahan, p. 15
  4. ↑ Callahan, p. 55
  5. ↑ Torcuato S. Di Tella, Latin American Politics, 2001, p. 120
  6. ↑ Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Fascism Outside Europe, Columbia University Press, 2001, p. 536
  7. ↑ SLarsen, Fascism Outside Europe, p. 537
  8. ↑ David Rock, Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact, University of California Press, 1995, p. 120
  9. ↑ F. Finchelstein, The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 18
  10. ↑ Callahan, pp. 56–57
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right, p. 145
  12. ↑ Finchelstein, The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War, p. 93
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Manuel Gálvez
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

Alegría, Fernando (1959). Breve historia de la novela hispanoamericana. Mexico: Ediciones de Andrea.
Anzoátegui, Ignacio B. (1961). Manuel Gálvez. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Culturales Argentinas.
Barbagelata, Hugo D. (1947). La Novela y el Cuento en Hispanoamerica. Montevideo: Enrique Miguez.
Brown, Donald F. (1948). "The Catholic Naturalism of Manuel Gálvez," Modern Language Quarterly, Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 165–76.
Cárdenas, Eduardo José; Carlos Manuel Payá (1978). El primer nacionalismo Argentino en Manuel Gálvez y Ricardo Rojas. Buenos Aires: A. Peña Lillo.
Carrero del Marmol, Elena (1963). "Galvez y Mallea: Imagenes de la Argentina," Duquesne Hispanic Review, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 167–78.
Chapman, Arnold (1953). "Manuel Galvez y Eduardo Mallea," Revista Iberoamericana, Vol. XIX, No. 37, pp. 71–78.
Crawford, William Rex (1963). A Century of Latin-American Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Desinano, Norma (1965). La novelística de Manuel Gálvez. Santa Fe, Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Litoral.
Díez-Echarri, Emiliano; Roca Franquesa, José María (1960). Historia de la literatura espanola e hispanoamericana. Madrid: Aguilar.
Gahisto, Manoel (1933). Figures Sud-Américaines. Paris: Meissein.
Gramuglio, María Teresa (1999). "Novela y nación en el proyeto literario de Manuel Gálvez." In: Historia crítica de la literatura argentina, Vol. 6. Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores.
Gramuglio, María Teresa (2000). "Imaginaciones de un nacionalista: Manuel Gálvez y la decadencia de la Argentina," Prismas, No. 4, pp. 77–83.
Gramuglio, María Teresa (2003). Nacionalismo y cosmopolitismo en la literatura argentina. Rosario: Ed. Municipal.
Green, Otis H. (1943). "Manuel Galvez, 'Gabriel Quiroga' and La maestra normal," Hispanic Review, Vol. XI, No. 3, pp. 221–52.
Jaimes Freyre, Mireya (1953). "Galvez y su laberinto," Revista Iberoamericana, Vol. XVIII, No. 36, pp. 315–37.
Jitrik, Noé (1963). "Los desplazamientos de la culpa en las obras sociales de Manuel Gálvez," Duquesne Hispanic Review, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 143–66.
Lichtblau, Myron I. (1972). Manuel Gálvez. New York: Twayne Publishers.
Olivari, Nicolas; Stachina, Lorenzo (1924). Manuel Gálvez: Ensayo sobre su Obra. Buenos Aires: Agencia General de Libreria y Publicaciones.
Quijada, Mónica (1985). Manuel Gálvez: 60 años de pensamiento nacionalista. Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina.
Roggiano, Alfredo (1961). "Manuel Gálvez." In: Diccionario de la literatura latino americana, Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Unión Panamericana, pp. 292–98.
Rubione, Alfredo (1999). "Enrique Larreta, Manuel Gálvez y la novela histórica." Historia crítica de la literatura argentina, Vol. 6. Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores.
Spell, Jefferson Rea (1944). "City Life in the Argentine as Seen by Manuel Gálvez." In: Contemporary SpanishAmerican Fiction. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, pp. 15–63.
Torres Rioseco, Arturo (1943). "Manuel Galvez." In: Grandes novelistas de la America Hispana. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 137–60.
Walker, John (1986). "Ideología y metafísica en Manuel Gálvez: una síntesis novelística," Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos, Vol. X, No. 3, pp. 475–90.
Walker, John (2000). "Manuel Gálvez, Cautiverio and the Catholic Novel." In: Studies in Honor of Myron Lichtblau. Newark: Juan de la Cuesta, pp. 341–58.
Zum Felde, Alberto (1959). "Manuel Galvez." In: Indice critico de la literatura hispano americana: La narrativa. Mexico: Editorial Guaranía, pp. 217–25.

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