Activation-induced cytidine deaminase

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Identifiers
Symbols	AICDA ; AID; ARP2; CDA2; HEL-S-284; HIGM2
External IDs	OMIM: 605257 MGI: 1342279 HomoloGene: 7623 GeneCards: AICDA Gene
EC number	3.5.4.38
Gene ontology Molecular function • cytidine deaminase activity • protein binding • zinc ion binding • ubiquitin protein ligase binding Cellular component • exosome (RNase complex) • nucleus • cytoplasm Biological process • mRNA processing • cytidine deamination • somatic diversification of immunoglobulins • somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes • B cell differentiation • isotype switching • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide • DNA demethylation • negative regulation of methylation-dependent chromatin silencing Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	57379	11628
Ensembl	ENSG00000111732	ENSMUSG00000040627
UniProt	Q9GZX7	Q9WVE0
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_020661	NM_009645
RefSeq (protein)	NP_065712	NP_033775
Location (UCSC)	Chr 12: 8.6 – 8.61 Mb	Chr 6: 122.55 – 122.56 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA and AID, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene. It creates mutations in DNA by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine). In other words, it changes a C:G base pair into a U:G mismatch. The cell's DNA replication machinery recognizes the U as a T, and hence C:G is converted to a T:A base pair. During germinal center development of B lymphocytes, AID also generates other types of mutations, such as C:G to A:T. The mechanism by which these other mutations are created is not well-understood.

In B cells in the lymph nodes, AID causes mutations that produce antibody diversity, but that same mutation process leads to B-cell lymphoma.

Function

This gene encodes a DNA-editing deaminase that is a member of the cytidine deaminase family. The protein is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes.

AID is currently thought to be the master regulator of secondary antibody diversification. It is involved in the initiation of three separate immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification processes:

1. Somatic hypermutation (SHM), in which the antibody genes are minimally mutated to generate a library of antibody variants, some of which with higher affinity for a particular antigen and any of its close variants
2. Class switch recombination (CSR), in which B cells change their expression from IgM to IgG or other immune types
3. Gene conversion (GC) a process that causes mutations in antibody genes of chickens, pigs and some other vertebrates.

AID has been shown in vitro to be active on single-strand DNA, and has been shown to require active transcription in order to exert its deaminating activity. The involvement of Cis-regulatory factors is suspected as AID activity is several orders of magnitude higher in the immunoglobulin "variable" region than other regions of the genome that are known to be subject to AID activity. This is also true of artificial reporter constructs and transgenes that have been integrated into the genome. A recent publication suggests that high AID activity at a few non-immunoglobulin targets is achieved when transcription on opposite DNA strands converges due to super-enhancer activity.

Recently, AICDA has been implicated in active DNA demethylation. AICDA can deaminate 5-methylcytosine, which can then be replaced with cytosine by base excision repair.

Mechanism

AID is believed to initiate SHM in a multi-step mechanism. AID deaminates cytosine in the target DNA. Cytosines located within hotspot motifs are preferentially deaminated (WRCY motifs W=adenine or thymine, R=purine, C=cytosine, Y=pyrimidine, or the inverse RGYW G=guanine). The resultant U:G (U= uracil) mismatch is then subject to one of a number of fates.

1. The U:G mismatch is replicated across creating two daughter species, one that remains unmutated and one that undergoes a C => T transition mutation. (U is analogous to T in DNA and is treated as such when replicated).
2. The uracil may be excised by uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG), resulting in an abasic site. This abasic site (or AP, apurinic/apyrimidinic) may be copied by a translesion synthesis DNA polymerase such as DNA polymerase eta, resulting in random incorporation of any of the four nucleotides, i.e. A, G, C, or T. Also, this abasic site may be cleaved by apurinic endonuclease (APE), creating a break in the deoxyribose phosphate backbone. This break can then lead to normal DNA repair, or, if two such breaks occur, one on either strand a staggered double-strand break can be formed (DSB). It is thought that the formation of these DSBs in either the switch regions or the Ig variable region can lead to CSR or GC, respectively.
3. The U:G mismatch may also be recognized by the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) machinery, to be specific by the MutSα(alpha) complex. MutSα is a heterodimer consisting of MSH2 and MSH6. This heterodimer is able to recognize mostly single-base distortions in the DNA backbone, consistent with U:G DNA mismatches. The recognition of U:G mistmatches by the MMR proteins is thought to lead to processing of the DNA through exonucleolytic activity to expose a single-strand region of DNA, followed by error prone DNA polymerase activity to fill in the gap. These error-prone polymerases are thought to introduce additional mutations randomly across the DNA gap. This allows the generation of mutations at AT base pairs.

Clinical significance

Defects in this gene are associated with Hyper-IgM syndrome type 2.

External links

• AICDA protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)