Overseas Vietnamese

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Overseas Vietnamese
Người Việt Hải Ngoại
Total population
~4,000,000 (estimates) [1]
Regions with significant populations
 United States 1,799,632 (2010)[2]
 Cambodia 600,000[3]
 France 350,000 (2014)[4]
 Taiwan 200,000 – 400,000 (2014)[5]
 Australia 210,800 (2010)[6]
 Canada 157,450 (2011)[7]
 Germany 150,000 (2011)[8]
 South Korea 143,000 (2013)[9]
 Japan 135,657 (2014)[10]
 Malaysia 70,000[11]
 Czech Republic 61,012 – 80,000 (2009)[12]
 United Kingdom 55,000[13]
 Poland 50,000[14]
 Laos 30,000 (2012)[15]
 Russia 26,205 – 150,000 (2006)[16]
 China 22,517[17]
 United Arab Emirates 20,000[18]
 Norway 21,721 (2014)[19]
 Netherlands 20,603 (2014)[20]
 Belgium 14,000 (2012)[21]
 Sweden 16,629(2014)[22]
 Thailand 10,000[23]
 Denmark 14,669(2014)[24]
  Switzerland 8,173
 Qatar 8,000(2008)[25]
 New Zealand 6,660(2013)[26]
 Finland 4,000[27]
 Ukraine 3,850(2001)[28]
 Italy 3,000(2004–2005)[29]
 Slovakia 3,000[30]
 Bulgaria 1,500 (2005)[31]
 New Caledonia 2,506 (2014)[32]

Overseas Vietnamese (Vietnamese: Người Việt Hải Ngoại, which literally means "Overseas Vietnamese", or Việt Kiều, a Sino-Vietnamese word literally translating to "Vietnamese sojourner") refers to Vietnamese people living outside Vietnam in a diaspora. Of the about 3 million Overseas Vietnamese, a majority left Vietnam as refugees after 1975 as a result of the Fall of Saigon and the resulting takeover by the Marxist-Leninist North.

The term "Việt Kiều" is used by people in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to refer to ethnic Vietnamese living outside the country, and is not a term of self-identification.[33] The Overseas Vietnamese community itself rarely use this for self-identification, instead, most prefer the technically correct term of Người Việt Hải Ngoại (literally translating to Overseas Vietnamese), or occasionally Người Việt Tự Do (Free Vietnamese).

History

Overseas Vietnamese can be generally divided into four distinct categories that rarely interact with each other:[citation needed]

  • The first category consists of people who have been living in territories outside of Vietnam prior to 1975; they usually reside in neighboring countries, such as Cambodia, Laos, and China. During French colonialism, many Vietnamese also migrated to France as students or workers. These people are not usually considered "Việt Kiều" by people residing in Vietnam.
  • The second category, consisting of the vast majority of overseas Vietnamese, are Vietnamese who fled Vietnam as refugees, after the end of the Vietnam War, along with their descendants. They usually reside in industrialized countries such as those in North America, the European Union, Hong Kong, the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, and Australia.
  • The third category consists of Vietnamese working and studying in the former Soviet bloc who opted to stay there after the Soviet collapse. This group is found mainly in the European Union (particularly countries formerly aligned with the Soviet Union in the Warsaw Pact and/or Comecon) and the Russian Federation.
  • The last category consists of recent economic migrants who work in regional Asian countries such as Taiwan and Japan. They also include Vietnamese brides who married men from Taiwan and South Korea through marriage agencies. These brides usually follow their husbands to live in those countries. In Taiwan, Vietnamese economic migrants constitute most of the overseas Vietnamese there; according to a 2011 report, there are 40000 Vietnamese brides in Taiwan. There is much social tensions, controversy and criticism about the latter group in Vietnam, saying they were "blinded by money" by their foreign husbands, and many are beaten.[34]
A 2014 report says that "women make up at least two-thirds of workers who leave the country," and sometimes leave fathers behind to care for children. It asserted that "The total amount of remittances sent back from all Vietnamese workers overseas now exceeds $2 billion a year."[35]

Recently a new group of Vietnamese have been emerging. These naturally born Vietnamese who attended high school and college overseas (international student), are called by natives as "du học sinh"; they stay in those countries and work and live as permanent residents.

United States

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Main article: Vietnamese American

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See also: List of U.S. cities with large Vietnamese American populations, List of Vietnamese Americans, and Little Saigon

According to the 2010 census, near 1.8 million people who are of Vietnamese origin live in the United States, constituting about a half of all overseas Vietnamese. Out of 1,132,031 people aged 25 years old or over, 30.2% do not have a high school diploma, 21.5% are high school graduates or equivalent, 18.6% have a bachelor's degree, 22.8% have some college or an associate degree, and 6.9% have a graduate or professional degree.[2] They tend to live in metropolitan areas in the West, especially in California and Texas. Significant areas where they are well represented include Orange County, California, San Jose, California, Houston, Texas, and Seattle, Washington. As almost all of them left Vietnam after 1975 to escape the communist Vietnamese government, they are generally antagonistic towards the current government of Vietnam.[36][37]

As of 2010, the Vietnamese American population has grown to near 1.8 million.[2]

Cambodia

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Main article: Vietnamese Cambodian

Vietnamese constitute about 5% of the population of Cambodia,[3] making them the largest ethnic minority. Vietnamese people began migrating to Cambodia as early as the 17th century. In 1863, when Cambodia became a French colony, many Vietnamese were brought to Cambodia by the French to work on plantations and occupy civil servant positions. During the Lon Nol Regime (1970–1975) and Pol Pot regime (1975–1979), many of the Vietnamese living in Cambodia were killed. Others were either repatriated or escaped to Vietnam or Thailand. During the ten-year Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia from 1979 until 1989 many of the Vietnamese who had previously lived in Cambodia returned. Along with them came friends and relatives. Also, many former South Vietnamese soldiers came to Cambodia fleeing persecution from the communist government.

Many living in Cambodia usually speak Vietnamese as their first language and have introduced the Cao Dai religion with 2 temples built in Cambodia. Many Cambodians learned Vietnamese as a result. They are concentrated in the Kratie and Takeo provinces of Cambodia, where there are villages predominate of ethnic Vietnamese.

Vietnamese people are also the top tourist in Cambodia, with 130,831, up 19 percent as of 2011.[38]

France

The Temple du Souvenir Indochinois in the Bois de Vincennes, erected in 1907, is a monument built by the earliest waves of Vietnamese migrants to France.

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Main article: Vietnamese people in France

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See also: Vietnamese community in Paris, French Indochina, and France–Vietnam relations

The number of ethnic Vietnamese living in France is estimated to be over 300,000 as of 2014.[4] Unlike other overseas Vietnamese communities outside eastern Asia, the Vietnamese population in France had already been well-established before the end of the Vietnam War and diaspora that resulted from it. France had by far the largest overseas Vietnamese population outside Asia until the 1980s, when a high number of Vietnam War refugees resettled in the United States.[39]

France was the first Western country to where Vietnamese migrants settled due to the colonization of Vietnam by France that began in the late 1850s.[40] During the colonial period, there was a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France, as well as professional and blue-collar workers, with many settling permanently.[41]

A number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and Vietnamese married to French colonists emigrated to France following Vietnam's independence through the Geneva Accords in 1954. During the Vietnam War, a significant number of students and those involved in commerce from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France. However, the largest influx of Vietnamese people arrived in France as refugees after the Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975. Vietnamese refugees who settled in France usually had higher levels of education and affluence than their peers who settled in North America, Australia, and the rest of Europe.[41]

Most Vietnamese in France live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France area, but a sizeable number also reside in the major urban centers in the south-east of the country, primarily Marseille and Lyon, as well as Toulouse. Earlier Vietnamese migrants also settled in the cities of Lille and Bordeaux.[41] Unlike their counterparts in North America or Australia, the Vietnamese have not formed distinct enclaves within the major cities of France and the degree of assimilation is higher, due to better cultural, historical, and linguistic knowledge of the host country.

The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well integrated in the French society. As the generation of Vietnamese refugees continues to hold on to traditional values, the later generations of French-born Vietnamese strongly identify with the French culture rather than the Vietnamese one and most of them are unable to speak and/or understand the Vietnamese language.[42] French media and politicians generally view the Vietnamese community as a model minority, in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the French society as well as having high economic and academic success. Furthermore, Vietnamese in France on average have a higher level of education attainment and success than other overseas Vietnamese populations, a legacy dating back to the colonial era when privileged families and those with connections to the colonial government sent their children to France for studies.[43]

Unlike overseas Vietnamese communities in other Western countries, the Vietnamese in France are divided between those who are anti-communist and those who support the communist Hanoi government.[44] This division in the community has been present since the 1950s, when Vietnamese students and workers in France supported and praised the Vietminh's policies back home, while Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and fled to France were largely anti-communist.[43] This political rift remained minor until the Fall of Saigon in 1975, when staunchly anti-communist refugees from South Vietnam arrived and established community networks and institutions. The two camps have contradictory political goals and members of one group rarely interact with members of the other group. Such political divisions, especially the presence of a pro-Hanoi faction, have prevented the Vietnamese in France from forming a strong, unified community in their host nation as their counterparts have in North America and Australia.[45]

Australia

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Main article: Vietnamese Australian

Vietnamese Australians constitute the seventh-largest ethnic group in Australia, with 210,800 of the population claiming Vietnamese ancestry according to a 2010 estimate.[6] The Vietnamese Australian population varies widely in income and social class levels. Many Vietnamese Australians are upper-class professionals, while others work primarily in blue-collar jobs. Australian-born Vietnamese have a higher than average rate of participation in tertiary education. In 2001, the labor participation rate for Vietnamese-born residents was 61%, only slightly lower than the level for Australian born residents (63%).[46] Over three quarters of Vietnamese-Australians live in New South Wales (40.7%) and Victoria (36.8%). Being mostly refugees after the Vietnam War, they are generally antagonistic toward the government of Vietnam.

The popular surname Nguyễn is the seventh most common family name in Australia[47] (second only to Smith in the Melbourne phone book).[48]

Canada

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Main article: Vietnamese Canadian

According to the 2011 census, Canada has 157,450 people who identify as ethnically Vietnamese.[7] The majority of Vietnamese Canadians reside in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, with some having lived in Quebec before 1975. Vancouver is also another major destination for newly arrived Vietnamese immigrants since 1980, including Vietnamese of Chinese descent, with the city having a large Chinese population.

Rest of Europe

Germany

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Germany

Vietnamese comprise the largest Asian ethnic group in Germany.[49] As of 2011, there are about 137,000 people of Vietnamese descent in Germany.[50][51] In western Germany, most Vietnamese arrived in the 1970s or 1980s as refugees from the Vietnam War. The comparatively larger Vietnamese community in eastern Germany traces its origins to assistance agreements between the East German and the North Vietnamese government. Under these agreements, guest workers from Vietnam were brought to East Germany, where they soon made up the largest immigrant group,[52] and were provided with technical training. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, many stayed in Germany, although they often faced discrimination, especially in the early years following reunification.

As in France, the Vietnamese community is divided between anticommunists in the former West (including the former West Berlin) and pro-communists in the former East, although the difference runs along former border lines rather than being diffused as in France.

Czech Republic

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Main article: Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic

The number of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic was estimated at 61,012 at the 2009 census,[53] although more recent figures have placed the number to as high as 80,000.[54]

Most Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic reside in Prague, where there is an enclave called "Little Hanoi", named after the capital city Hanoi of Vietnam. Unlike Vietnamese immigrants in Western Europe and North America, these immigrants were usually communist cadres studying or working abroad who decided to stay after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is even listed as the most common of foreign surnames in the Czech Republic and is the 9th most common surname in the country overall.[55]

United Kingdom

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Main article: Vietnamese people in the United Kingdom

Vietnamese residing in the United Kingdom number around 55,000 people, which is in contrast to the trend of the UK tending to have the largest East and South East Asian diasporas in Europe. In the 1980s, Margaret Thatcher agreed to take quotas of refugees and 12,000 boat people came to Britain[56] The most established Vietnamese communities in Britain are in Hackney and other parts of London. There are also communities in Birmingham, Manchester and other major UK cities.

Poland

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Poland

Around 50,000 Vietnamese live in Poland, mostly in big cities.[57] They publish a number of newspapers, both pro- and anti-Communist. The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities in the post-World War II era. These numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War, when agreements between the communist Vietnamese and Polish governments allowed Vietnamese guest workers to receive industrial training in Poland. A large number of Vietnamese immigrants also arrived after 1989.[58]

Belgium

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Belgium

An estimated 14,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in Belgium as of 2012. Similarly to the Vietnamese community in France, the Vietnamese Belgian community traces its roots to before the end of the Vietnam War. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Belgium became a popular alternative destination to France for South Vietnamese seeking higher education and career opportunities abroad. A much larger influx of Vietnamese arrived as refugees following the Fall of Saigon. After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, a small number of Vietnamese workers in former Soviet Bloc countries who were sponsored by the communist Vietnamese government also sought asylum in Belgium.[21]

The Vietnamese Belgian population largely resides in and around the capital of Brussels or in the southern French-speaking Wallonia region, especially around the city of Liège. As in France, South Vietnamese refugees to Belgium were largely of higher social standing and integrated much easier into their host country's society than their peers who settled in North America, Australia and the rest of Europe due to better linguistic and cultural knowledge. The Vietnamese Belgian community is strongly attached to its counterpart community in France, with both communities largely achieving higher socioeconomic success in their host countries than other overseas Vietnamese populations.[21]

Russia

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Russia

Vietnamese people in Russia form the 72nd-largest ethnic minority community in Russia according to the 2002 census. The Census estimated their population at only 26,205 individuals, making them one of the smaller groups of Việt Kiều.[59] However, unofficial estimates put their population as high as 100,000 to 150,000.[14][60]

Norway

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Norway

An estimated 21,700 ethnic Vietnamese live in Norway as of 2014, and the country has hosted a Vietnamese community since refugee arrivals after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The Vietnamese are considered one of the best integrated non-western immigrant groups in Norway, with high rates of Norwegian citizenship among immigrants and success rates in education on par with those of ethnic Norwegians.[61]

Netherlands

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Main article: Vietnamese people in the Netherlands

About 19,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in the Netherlands according to a 2010 estimate. The community largely consists of South Vietnamese refugees who first arrived in 1978. A much smaller number of North Vietnamese workers also arrived from eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[20]

Bulgaria

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Bulgaria

An estimated 1,500 ethnic Vietnamese live in Bulgaria according to a 2005 estimate.[31]

Under international agreements in 1980, Bulgaria, along with other Warsaw Pact members, accepted Vietnamese guest workers who were sponsored by the communist government into the country as a relatively cheaper manual labour workforce. At one point, over 35,000 Vietnamese people worked in Bulgaria between 1980 and 1991, and many Vietnamese students completed their higher education at various Bulgarian universities.[62]

Taiwan

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Taiwan

Vietnamese form one of the largest foreign ethnic groups in Taiwan, with a resident population of around 200,000. Including students and migrant workers, the Vietnamese population in Taiwan is about 400,000.[5] Vietnamese in Taiwan largely arrived as workers in the manufacturing industry or domestic helpers. There are also a large number of Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese men through international matchmaking services in Vietnam, despite the illegality of such services in the country.[63]

South Korea

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Main article: Vietnamese people in South Korea

As of 2011, there were over 110,000 ethnic Vietnamese people in South Korea, making them the second largest minority group in the country. Vietnamese in South Korea consist mainly of migrant workers and women introduced to South Korean husbands through marriage agencies.[64][65] In the 13th century, several thousand Vietnamese fled to Korea following the overthrow of the Vietnamese Lý Dynasty, where they were received by King Gojong of Goryeo.[66]

Malaysia

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Main article: Vietnamese in Malaysia

The Fall of Saigon in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War saw many Vietnamese refugees escaping by boats to Malaysia. The first refugee boat arrived in Malaysia were in May 1975, carrying 47 people.[67] A refugee camp was established later at Pulau Bidong in August 1978 with the assistance of the United Nations, and became a major refugee processing center for Vietnamese seeking residency in other countries. While a very small number of Vietnamese refugees settled in Malaysia, the majority of Vietnamese in Malaysia consist of skilled and semi-skilled workers who arrived during the 1990s as economic cooperation between Vietnam and Malaysia increased.[68]

Japan

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Japan

Over 135,000 Vietnamese people resided in Japan as of the end of 2014.[10] Vietnamese first came to Japan as students beginning in the 20th century.[69] However, the majority of the community is composed of refugees admitted in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as a smaller proportion of migrant laborers who began arriving in 1994.[70][71]

Laos

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Laos

As Vietnam and Laos are neighbors, there has been a long history of population migrations between the territories which make up the two respective countries. When Laos was a French protectorate during the first half of the 20th century, the French colonial administration brought many Vietnamese people to Laos to work as civil servants. This matter was the object of strenuous opposition by Laotian nationals, who in the 1930s made an unsuccessful attempt to replace the local government with Laotian civil servants.[15]

China

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Main article: Gin people

The Vietnamese in China are known as the Gin ethnic group, and arrived in southeastern China beginning in the sixteenth century. They largely reside in the province of Guangxi and speak Vietnamese and a local variety of Cantonese.[17]

Hong Kong

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Main article: Vietnamese people in Hong Kong

Vietnamese migration to Hong Kong began after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions. Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country. Eventually, under the Hong Kong government's Comprehensive Plan of Action, newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants. Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas.[citation needed]

Philippines

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Many Vietnamese boat refugees who crossed the South China Sea landed in the Philippines after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975. These refugees established a community called Viet-Ville (French for "Viet-Town") in Puerto Princesa, Palawan. At the time, it became the centre of Vietnamese commerce and culture, complete with Vietnamese restaurants, shops, and Catholic churches and Buddhist temples. In the decades that followed however, the Vietnamese population dwindled greatly, with many having emigrated to the United States, Canada, Australia, or Western Europe. Viet-Ville today remains a popular destination for local tourists.

Israel

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Main article: Vietnamese boat people
Vietnamese refugees arriving at Ben-Gurion International Airport,In Israel

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated at 200–400. Most of them came to Israel in between 1976 and 1979, after prime minister Menachem Begin authorized their admission to Israel and granted them political asylum.[72] The Vietnamese people living in Israel are Israeli citizens who also serve in the Israel Defense Forces. Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Israel but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa, Jerusalem and Ofakim.

French Guyana

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Main article: Vietnamese people in France § Vietnamese in other French territories

New Caledonia

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Main article: Vietnamese people in France § Vietnamese in other French territories

Relations with Vietnam

Relations between overseas Vietnamese populations and the current government of Vietnam traditionally range between polarities of geniality and overt contempt. Generally, overseas Vietnamese residing in North America, Western Europe, and Australia (which represent the vast majority of overseas Vietnamese populations) are virulently opposed to the existing government of Vietnam.[73][74] However, there is a smaller population of overseas Vietnamese residing in Europe (mainly in Central and East Europe) and Asia, most of whom have been sent for training in formerly communist countries. These populations generally maintain positive or more neutral, if not very friendly relations with the government.[74] Many of these East European Vietnamese are from northern Vietnam, and usually have personal or familial affiliations with the communist regime [75] Those who left prior to the political exodus of 1975, largely residing in France, generally identify their sentiments as somewhere in between the two polarities.[73]

The former South Vietnamese prime minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ returned to Vietnam in 2004 and was generally positive about his experience. However, Ky's reconciliation was met with anger by most Overseas Vietnamese, who called him a traitor and a communist collaborator for reconciling and working with the current communist regime.[76] Notable expatriate artists have returned to Vietnam to perform (many are met with scorn and boycott by the expatriate community itself after they have done so). Notably, the composer Pham Duy had returned to Ho Chi Minh City (referred to as Saigon by overseas Vietnamese and those living in Vietnam) to live the rest of his life there after living in Midway City, California since 1975. The government in Vietnam used less antagonistic rhetoric to describe those who left the country after 1975. According to the Vietnamese government, while in 1987 only 8,000 overseas Vietnamese returned to Vietnam for the purpose of visiting, that number jumped to 430,000 in 2004.

The Vietnamese government, for its own part, had actively tried to woo back overseas Vietnamese, who bring capital and expertise. Its view of the Việt Kiều changed from "cowardly traitors" to "essential elements of Vietnamese people" (or "integral parts of the Vietnamese Nation"). The government enacted laws to make it easier for overseas Vietnamese to do business in Vietnam, including those allowing them to own land. However, overseas Vietnamese still face discrimination while trying to do business there. The first company in Vietnam to be registered to an Overseas Vietnamese was Highlands Coffee, a successful chain of specialty coffee shops, in 1998.[77]

In June 2007, Vietnamese president Nguyen Minh Triet visited the United States, one of his scheduled stops was within the vicinity Orange County, home of Little Saigon, the largest Vietnamese community outside of Vietnam. Details of his plans were not announced beforehand due to concerns of massive protests. Despite these efforts, a large crowd of anti-communist protest still occurred.[78] Several thousand people protested in Washington, D.C. and Orange County during his visit.[79][80]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 [1] United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 16, 2012 Taken from http://factfinder2.census.gov/. You can manually reach that page by entering in "Quick Start" of http://factfinder2.census.gov/ "Vietnamese" and check the "race/ancestry" checkbox, choose "Vietnamese and any combination", "OK", and then roll down and choose the first "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES". I had to upload this to mediafire because factfinder doesn't allow permalink.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 CIA – The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Étude de la Transmission Familiale et de la Practique du Parler Franco-Vietnamien (in French) Retrieved on 22-12-2015.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vietnamese in Taiwan fear an anti-Vietnam backlash may soon ensue
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Year Book Australia, 2012
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 [2]. Statistics Canada, 2011 Census
  8. ↑ [3]. Retrieved on 2014-06-15.
  9. ↑ [4]. Retrieved on 2015-12-15.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）統計表 法務省 Japan: Ministry of Justice,2014
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Number of foreigners in the CR | CZSO. Czso.cz. Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ [5]
  19. ↑ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2014". Statistics Norway. Accessed 29 April 2014.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ref-1" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Regard sur la communauté vietnamienne en Belgique (in French)
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  28. ↑ All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001: The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Retrieved 4 September 2012
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Bộ Ngoại giao Việt Nam
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ [7]
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Cambodia receives 778,467 int'l tourists in Q1, up 14%. News.xinhuanet.com (2011-05-03). Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  39. ↑ Blanc, Marie-Eve. Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Springer, pp. 1158–1166, 2004. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9
  40. ↑ Nguyen Quy Dao, La diaspora vietnamienne et sa coopération avec le Vietnam, 2013 (in French)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 La Diaspora Vietnamienne en France un cas particulier (in French)
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  44. ↑ Bousquet p. 5
  45. ↑ Helping the World's homeless; Vietnamese in France proud, divided The Christian Science Monitor, 1980
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  50. ↑ Süddeutsche: Vietnamesen in Deutschland: "Nur Bildung führt weg vom Reisfeld"
  51. ↑ Bernd Wolf (2007): The Vietnamese diaspora in Germany; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
  52. ↑ [8] Archived September 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
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  54. ↑ Miroslav Nozina, The Dragon & the Lion: Vietnamese Organized Crime in the Czech Republic, Think Magazine
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ (Polish) Wietnamczyk w postkomunistycznej Europie. rp.pl. Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  58. ↑ Ewa Nowicka, YOUNG VIETNAMESE GENERATION IN POLAND: CAUGHT BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE, PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI, 2014, No. II[9]
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Last Vietnamese boat refugee leaves Malaysia, 30 August 2005, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, retrieved 17 September 2013
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Vietnamese Boat People in the Promised Land
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ [10]
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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