Toronto-Dominion Centre

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Toronto-Dominion Centre
Toronto Dominion Centre logo.png
General information
Type Commercial offices
Location King and Bay Street
Town or city Toronto
Country Canada
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Construction started 1964
Completed 1969
Owner Cadillac Fairview
Management Cadillac Fairview
Height
Antenna spire None
Roof 47 to 223 m (154 to 732 ft)
Top floor 56
Technical details
Floor count 22 to 56
Lifts/elevators TD Bank 32 and 2 freight; TD North 24 and 2 freight; TD West 10 and 2 freight; TD South 16 and 1 freight; Ernst and Young 32 and 1 freight; 95 Wellington 8
Design and construction
Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, John B. Parkin and Associates, Bregman + Hamann Architects
Developer Cadillac Fairview
Toronto Dominion Bank
Main contractor Pigott Construction
References
[1][2][3]
Designated 2003

The Toronto-Dominion Centre, or T-D Centre, is a cluster of buildings in downtown Toronto, Ontario, owned by Cadillac Fairview, and consisting of six towers and a pavilion covered in bronze-tinted glass and black painted steel. It serves as the global headquarters of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, as well as providing office and retail space for many other businesses. Some 21,000 people work in the complex, making it the largest in Canada.

The project was the inspiration of Allen Lambert, former President and Chairman of the Board of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, with Phyllis Lambert, recommending Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as design consultant to the architects, John B. Parkin and Associates and Bregman + Hamann,[4] and the Fairview Corporation as the developer.[5] The towers were completed between 1967 and 1991, with one additional building built outside the campus and purchased in 1998. Part of the complex, described by Philip Johnson as "the largest Mies in the world",[6] was designated under the Ontario Heritage Act in 2003, and received an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque in 2005.[7]

Design

Three of the Toronto-Dominion Centre's towers: (left to right) the Ernst & Young Tower, TD Bank Tower, and TD North Tower
Toronto-Dominion Centre as seen from King and Bay Streets, with the banking pavilion in the centre foreground

As Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was given "virtually a free hand to create Toronto-Dominion Centre",[8] the complex, as a whole and in its details, is a classic example of his unique take on the International style,[9] and represents the end the evolution of Mies's North American period, which began with his 1957 Seagram Building in New York City.[10]

Site and governing order

As with the Seagram Building, and a number of Mies's subsequent projects, Toronto-Dominion Centre follows the theme of the darkly coloured, rigidly ordered, steel and glass edifice set in an open plaza, itself surrounded by a dense and erratic, pre-existing urban fabric. The T-D Centre, however, comprises a collection of structures spread across a granite plinth, all regulated, in three dimensions, and from the largest scale to the smallest, by a mathematically ordered, 1.5 m2 (16 sq ft) grid.[11] Originally, three structures were conceived: a low banking pavilion anchoring the site at the corner of King and Bay Streets, the main tower in the centre of the site, and another tower in the northwest corner, each building offset to the adjacent by one bay of the governing grid, allowing views to "slide" open or closed as an observer moves across the court. The rectilinear pattern of Saint-Jean granite pavers follows the grid, serving to organize and unify the complex, and the plaza's surface material extends through the glass lobbies of the towers and the banking pavilion, blurring the distinction between interior and exterior space. The remaining voids between the buildings create space for both a formal plaza to the north, later named Oscar Peterson Square in 2004, containing Al McWilliam's Bronze Arc, and an expanse of lawn to the south, featuring Joe Fafard's sculpture The Pasture;[12] these were the first examples of large-scale public outdoor spaces within the urban core of Toronto.

Phyllis Lambert wrote of the centre and the arrangement of its elements within the site:

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With the Toronto-Dominion Centre, Mies realized an architecture of movement, and yet at the same time, through proportional relations among parts and whole, and through the restrained use of fine materials, this is also an architecture of repose. The light as it moves across the building surfaces, playing the mullions like stringed instruments, and the orchestration of the various buildings are together paradigmatically symphonic.[13]

More structures were added over the ensuing decades, outside the periphery of the original site – as they were not part of Mies's master plan for the T-D Centre – but still located close enough, and in such locations, as to visually impact the sense of space within areas of the centre, forming Miesian western and southern walls to the lawn, and a tall eastern flank to the plaza.

Towers

The height of each of Mies's two towers is proportioned to its width and depth,[11] though they, as well as those based on his style, are of different heights. All, save for 95 Wellington Street West, are of a similar construction and appearance: The frame is of structural steel, including the core (containing elevators, stairs, washrooms, and other service spaces), and floor plates are of concrete poured on steel deck. The lobby is a double height space on the ground floor, articulated by large sheets of plate glass held back from the exterior column line, providing for an overhang around the perimeter of the building, behind which the travertine-clad elevator cores are the only elements to touch the ground plane. Above the lobby, the building envelope is curtain wall made of bronze coloured glass in a matte-black painted steel frame, with exposed I-sections attached to the vertical mullions and structural columns;[5] the modules of this curtain wall are 1.5 m (4.9 ft) by 2.7 m (8.9 ft), thereby conforming to the overall site template.

On the topmost accessible floor of the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower was a large indoor observation platform, which, as the tower was the tallest in the city, once allowed uninterrupted views of the then quickly developing downtown core and of Lake Ontario to the south. This floor has since been converted to leased office space. On the level below is a restaurant on the south side, and the Toronto-Dominion Bank corporate offices and boardroom are on the north. The interiors of these spaces were also designed by Mies and included his signature broad planes of rich, unadorned wood panelling, freestanding cabinets as partitions, wood slab desks, and some of his furniture pieces, such as the Barcelona chair, Barcelona ottoman, and Brno chair. Adjacent to the main boardroom at the northeast corner of the floor plate and the Thompson Room at the northwest corner, service areas are concealed within the wood panelled walls behind secret panels.

Pavilion and shopping concourse

A view of the underground concourse, with the black aluminum signs mandated by Mies.

The banking pavilion is a double-height structure housing the main branch of the bank (now branded TD Canada Trust). It contains fifteen 22.9 m2 (246 sq ft) modules within a single interior space,[11] with smaller areas inside the pavilion cordoned off using counters and cabinets, all built with the typical rich materials of Mies's palette – marble, English oak, and granite.[10] The roof of the building is made of deep steel I-sections, each beam supported on only one steel I-section column at each end, all combined to create a waffle-grid ceiling resting on a row of corresponding, equally spaced columns around the periphery. This structure was a further development on the post office pavilion of the Federal Center in Chicago, which has less expressed columns and a second level balcony, and a precursor to the Neue Nationalgalerie completed in Berlin in 1968, which had a similar roof supported on only eight large steel columns. The T-D Centre pavilion was described by The Globe and Mail as "among the best spaces Mies ever made".[14]

Incorporated into the lower levels of the project is a large underground shopping mall, fitted in the same black aluminum and travertine as the main lobbies above, which was the genesis of Toronto's PATH system.[12] Also extending to this area was Mies' strict design sense; to maintain the clean-lined and ordered aesthetic of the environment, Mies stipulated, with the backing of both Phyllis and Alan Lambert, that the store fronts must consist only of the glass panels and black aluminium that he specified. Even signage graphics were restricted to only white backlit letters within a black aluminium panel, and only in the specific font that Mies had designed for the T-D Centre. A 690-seat Famous Players movie theatre was originally included within this underground mall, but, though the space still exists, it was closed in 1978 due to redundancy after newer theatres opened throughout the city.[15]

Technical details

Structure Date
completed		 Height Floors Address Architects
TD Bank Tower[16] (formerly Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower) 1967 222.86 m (731.2 ft) 56 66 Wellington Street West Bregman + Hamann Architects and John B. Parkin Associates in consultation with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
TD North Tower[16] (formerly Royal Trust Tower) 1969 182.88 m (600.0 ft) 46 77 King Street West Bregman + Hamann Architects and John B. Parkin Associates in consultation with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
TD West Tower[16] (formerly Canadian Pacific Tower and Commercial Union Tower) 1974 128.02 m (420.0 ft) 32 100 Wellington Street West Bregman + Hamann Architects
TD South Tower[16] (formerly TD Waterhouse Tower, Aetna Tower, IBM Tower, and Maritime Life Tower) 1985 153.57 m (503.8 ft) 36 79 Wellington Street West Bregman + Hamann Architects
Ernst & Young Tower[16] 1991 133.20 m (437.0 ft) 31 222 Bay Street Bregman + Hamann Architects and Scott Tan de Bibiana
95 Wellington Street West[16] 1987 96.93 m (318.0 ft) 22 95 Wellington Street West Pellow + Associates Architects Inc.

History

Origins

Bank of Toronto head office, demolished to allow for the construction of Toronto-Dominion Centre.

After the 1955 merger of the Bank of Toronto and the Dominion Bank solidified in 1962, the Toronto-Dominion bank directors decided to commission a new headquarters to demonstrate the bank's emergence as a reputable national institution.[5] Allen Lambert, past President and Chairman of the Board of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, secured a cooperative partnership in the late 1950s with the Bronfman owned Fairview Corporation (now Cadillac Fairview) in order to build a new headquarters for the Toronto-Dominion Bank;[17] this marked a first for the development process in Canada, in that a bank, rather than creating its head office alone, had aligned itself with real estate interests and the city to influence urban space.[18] The partnership was established as a 50-50 one, with the bank having the final say on the design of the complex, and Phyllis Lambert – sister-in-law to Allen Lambert, and a member of the Bronfman family – was called in as an advisor on the T-D Centre competition. Gordon Bunshaft, then chief designer of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, was originally hired by the consortium;[5] his proposal called for exterior structural supports for the main office tower, which then necessitated piston-like slip joints at the roof level to deal with weather-related expansion and contraction of the structure. Phyllis Lambert objected to this submission, seeing it as too radical, and later stating in an interview that it "was a ridiculous proposal on many levels... Even in a milder climate, it would have been problematic."[19] Bunshaft, due to his refusal to redesign, was relieved of his commission.[5]

This departure left John Parkin, the local architect who would have worked with the American Bunshaft, to design Toronto-Dominion Centre. His firm put forward a model showing a 100 storey all-concrete tower – to be the largest in the Commonwealth – standing over a plaza with a sunken courtyard containing a circular banking pavilion.[20] It was at this point that Phyllis Lambert insisted that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (whom she knew from having been the director of planning on his Seagram Building) be called for an interview.[5] Mies was unimpressed by Parkin's concept designs and wondered why one would design a building to be entered through its basement. With this, the Parkin proposal was scrapped[20] and Allen Lambert was convinced to bring Mies on board. Though he was technically commissioned as the design consultant to the local architects, John B. Parkin and Associates and Bregman + Hamann Architects, the project was essentially Mies' design in its entirety, demonstrating all the key characteristics of the architect's unique style.[10]

Downtown Toronto skyline in 1970, dominated by the first two towers

The choice of Mies, and his new design, gave the project the added significance of being a symbol of Toronto's emergence as a major city,[10][21] and influenced the design of all of Toronto's subsequent skyscrapers.[21] It also marked Mies' last major work before his death in 1969.[5] This followed the precedent set by the previous incarnation of the Toronto-Dominion Bank. The Bank of Toronto's 1862-office at Wellington and Church Streets had been designed by William Kauffman, and its 1913 Beaux-Arts headquarters were conceived by Carrère and Hastings. Both firms were the most renowned and respected architects of their times.[8]

Construction

The development of the T-D Centre required Fairview to acquire a full city block of downtown Toronto, except for some frontages on Bay Street and at the corner of King and York Streets.[17] Amongst notable losses from the subsequent demolition were the Rossin House Hotel, which dated to the 1850s and was once one of the city's preeminent hotels. The Carrère and Hastings Bank of Toronto headquarters, at the south west corner of King and Bay Streets, was also razed despite protests urging that the Beaux-Arts building be incorporated into the new centre. Fairview officials brushed these aside and simply said that it "did not fit in".[17] Elements of the old edifice can still be found as relics in the gardens of the Guild Inn, in Scarborough.

The first structure completed was the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower (now the TD Bank Tower) in 1967. Though the complex remained unfinished, the official opening took place on July 1 of that year to coincide with the Canadian Centennial celebrations with Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, presiding, accompanied by her husband, Sir Angus Ogilvy.[22] At 222.8 m (731 ft), the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower was the tallest building in Canada when completed and it remains the fifth-tallest building in Toronto. The completion of the banking pavilion and the Royal Trust Tower (now the TD North Tower) followed, in 1968 and 1969 respectively. The Commercial Union Tower (now the TD West Tower) was added in 1974, and was the first on the site not conceived by Mies in his original plan. It was followed by the IBM Tower (now the TD South Tower), built south of Wellington Street across from the original campus in 1985.

The 23-storey building at 95 Wellington Street was completed in 1987 and contains 330,000 sq ft (31,000 m2). Fairview Cadillac acquired it in 1998 and incorporated it into Toronto-Dominion Centre.[5]

With little available space left on or near the block, in 1992 the final building, the Ernst & Young Tower, was constructed over the existing 1930s Toronto Stock Exchange. The new edifice deviates from the strict Miesian aesthetic of all the previous towers to accommodate the Art Deco facade of the older building within its own. The Ernst and Young Tower is linked to the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower at the ground floor and by a two-level pedestrian bridge at the sixth and seventh floors, as well as by the underground shopping concourse.

Working complex

File:Wessex-TD.jpg
Prince Edward and his wife, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, along with Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, unveil an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque in front of Toronto Dominion Centre, 2006

The complex made headlines around the world in 1993 when Garry Hoy, a 39-year-old lawyer of the law firm of Holden Day Wilson LLP, fell 24 floors to his death while demonstrating the strength of the windows in the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower to a group of visiting law students by charging into the glass.[23]

Renovations to the underground mall, beginning in the late 1990s, have caused some controversy within the Toronto architectural community as the building management, under pressure from tenants who wish to have greater visibility, has let the strict design guidelines slip and allowed more individual signage. As well, ceilings have been renovated from the original flat drywall planes with recessed lights to coffered ceilings.

The original three buildings and the plazas of Toronto-Dominion Centre were together recognized as a part of Ontario's built heritage in 2005, when an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque was unveiled by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and his wife, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, along with former Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Lincoln Alexander.[5][9]

On 8 September 2011, Cadillac Fairview and TD Bank Group announced they would install a living roof on the banking pavilion. This is part of Cadillac Fairview's goal of having the entire complex LEED-certified by 2013 and will help protect the building from solar-heat gain and reduce storm runoff.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Toronto-Dominion Centre at Emporis
  2. ↑ Toronto-Dominion Centre at SkyscraperPage
  3. ↑ Toronto-Dominion Centre at StructuraeLua error in Module:WikidataCheck at line 28: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Globe and Mail; 4 November 2002
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 TD Centre Tower Renaming
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Stoffman; p. 34
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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