The Lady of the Camellias

This article is for the novel by Alexandre Dumas. For related articles, see The Lady of the Camellias disambiguation page.

The Lady of the Camellias
Poster for a performance of the theatrical version, with Sarah Bernhardt (1896)
Written by	Alexandre Dumas, fils
Date premiered	2 February 1852 (1852-02-02)
Original language	French
Genre	novel

The Lady of the Camellias (French: La Dame aux camélias) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, fils, first published in 1848, and subsequently adapted for the stage. The Lady of the Camellias premiered at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris, France on February 2, 1852. The play was an instant success, and Giuseppe Verdi immediately set about putting the story to music. His work became the 1853 opera La Traviata, with the female protagonist, Marguerite Gautier, renamed Violetta Valéry.

In the English-speaking world, The Lady of the Camellias became known as Camille and 16 versions have been performed at Broadway theatres alone. The title character is Marguerite Gautier, who is based on Marie Duplessis, the real-life lover of author Dumas, fils.

Summary and analysis

Illustration by Albert Lynch

The theme of The Lady of the Camellias is a love story between Marguerite Gautier, a "demi-mondaine" ("courtisane" in the original French, i.e., a woman "kept" by various lovers, frequently more than one at a time) suffering from tuberculosis, and a young provincial bourgeois, Armand Duval. The narration of the love story is told by Duval himself to the (unnamed) narrator of the book. She is named as the Lady of the Camellias because she wears a white camellia when she is available to her lover(s) and a red one when her delicate condition precludes making love.

Armand falls in love with Marguerite and ultimately becomes her lover, convincing her to turn her back on her life as a "courtisane" and live with him in the countryside. This idyllic existence is broken by Armand's father, who, concerned by the scandal created by the illicit relationship and fearful that it will destroy his daughter's (Armand's sister's) chances of marriage, convinces Marguerite to leave Armand, who believes, up until Marguerite's death, that she has left him for another man. Marguerite's death is described as an unending agony, during which Marguerite, abandoned by everyone, can only regret what might have been.

Marie Duplessis

Unlike the love of the Chevalier des Grieux for Manon Lescaut (to which story Dumas himself makes reference at the beginning of The Lady of the Camellias), Armand's love is for a woman who is ready to sacrifice her riches and her lifestyle for him, but who is thwarted by the arrival of Armand's father.

Dumas is careful to paint a favourable portrait of Marguerite, who despite her past is rendered virtuous by her love for Armand, and the suffering of the two lovers, whose love is shattered by the need to conform to the morals of the times, is rendered touchingly.

The novel is also marked by the description of Parisian life during the 19th century and the fragile world of the "courtisanes".

Stage performances

Since its debut as a play, numerous editions have been performed at theatres around the world. The role of the tragic Marguerite Gautier became one of the most coveted amongst actresses and included performances by Sarah Bernhardt, Eleonora Duse, Margaret Anglin, Gabrielle Réjane, Tallulah Bankhead, Lillian Gish, Eva Le Gallienne, Isabelle Adjani, pt, and Helena Modrzejewska. Sarah Bernhardt, the great actress most associated with the role, starred in Camellias in Paris, London, and several Broadway revivals, plus a 1911 film. Dancer/Impresario Ida Rubinstein successfully recreated Bernhardt's interpretation of the role onstage in the mid-1920s, coached by the great actress herself before she died.

Of all Dumas, fils's theatrical works, La Dame aux Camélias is the most popular around the world: According to 19th century book The Century, "not one other play by Dumas, fils has been received with favor out of France".

It is also the inspiration for the 2008 musical Marguerite, which places the story in 1944 German-occupied France.

Amongst many adaptations, spin-offs and parodies, was "Camille," "a travesty on La Dame aux Camellias" by Charles Ludlam, staged first by his own Ridiculous Theatrical Company in 1973, with Ludlam playing the lead in drag

In 1999 Alexia Vassiliou collaborated with composer Aristides Mytaras for the contemporary dance performance, The Lady of the Camellias at the Amore Theatre in Athens.

Adaptations

Film

Eleonora Duse as Marguerite Gautier in 1896

In addition to inspiring La Traviata, The Lady of the Camellias has been adapted for approximately twenty different motion pictures in numerous countries and in a wide variety of languages. The role of "Marguerite Gautier" has been played on screen by Sarah Bernhardt, María Félix, Clara Kimball Young, Theda Bara, Yvonne Printemps, Alla Nazimova, Greta Garbo, Micheline Presle, Francesca Bertini, Isabelle Huppert, and others.

Films entitled Camille

There have been at least eight adaptations of The Lady of the Camellias entitled Camille. See Camille (disambiguation).

Other films based on La Dame aux Camélias

In addition to the Camille films, the story has been the adapted into numerous other screen versions:

• Kameliadamen, the first movie based on the work. Kameliadamen was a 1907 Danish silent film directed by Viggo Larsen and starring Oda Alstrup, Larsen, Gustave Lund and Robert Storm Petersen.
• La Dame aux Camélias, a 1911 French language silent film, directed by fr and Henri Pouctal. It stars Sarah Bernhardt.
• La Signora delle Camelie, a 1915 Italian language film. It was directed by Baldassarre Negroni and Gustavo Serena. It stars it, it and Ida Carloni Talli.
• Camille, a 1915 English language silent film that stars Clara Kimball Young and Paul Capellani.
• Camille, a 1917 English language silent film that stars Theda Bara.
• Camille, a 1921 English language silent film that stars Nazimova and Rudolph Valentino. It was directed by Ray C. Smallwood.
• Damen med kameliorna, a 1925 Swedish film adapted and directed by Olof Molander. It stars sv and Tora Teje.
• Camille, a 1926 English language silent film that stars Norma Talmadge and Gilbert Roland. It was directed by Fred Niblo.
• La Dame aux Camélias, the first sound adaptation. La Dame aux Camélias was a 1934 French film adapted by Abel Gance and directed by Gance and Fernand Rivers. It stars Yvonne Printemps and Pierre Fresnay.
• Greta Garbo had the starring role in Camille (1936), directed by George Cukor. Her Academy Award-nominated performance won best actress at the New York Film Critics Circle Awards.
• Waterloo Bridge (1940), Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor.
• A 1944 Spanish language version was produced in Mexico. It was adapted by Roberto Tasker and directed by Gabriel Soria, and stars Lina Montes and Emilio Tuero.
• La Dame aux Camélias, a 1953 French film adapted by Jacques Natanson and directed by Raymond Bernard. It stars Gino Cervi, Micheline Presle and fr.
• Camelia, a 1954 Mexican film adapted by José Arenas, Edmundo Báez, Roberto Gavaldón and Gregorio Walerstein. It was directed by Gavaldón, and stars María Félix.
• La mujer de las camelias, a 1954 Argentine film adapted by Alexis de Arancibia (as Wassen Eisen) and Ernesto Arancibia, and directed by Ernesto Arancibia. It stars Zully Moreno.
• The Lady of the Camellias, a 1976 UK television serial, starring Kate Nelligan.
• Camille was a 1984 TV movie that starred Greta Scacchi, Ben Kingsley, and Colin Firth.
• La Dame aux Camélias, a 1981 French language film adapted by Jean Aurenche, fr and Vladimir Pozner, and directed by Mauro Bolognini. It stars Isabelle Huppert.
• Dama Kameliowa , a 1994 Polish language film
• Moulin Rouge!, a 2001 film by Baz Luhrmann, loosely based on the story, with Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor in lead roles.
• Kamelyalı Kadın, 1957 Turkish film starring Çolpan İlhan.

Ballet

• Lady of the Camellias is a ballet by John Neumeier with music by Frédéric Chopin, created for Marcia Haydée, then prima ballerina of the Stuttgart Ballet. It premiered at the Staatstheater Stuttgart in 1978.

• Lady of the Camellias is a ballet by Val Caniparoli with music by Frédéric Chopin. It premiered with Ballet Florida at the Raymond Kravis Center in 1994.

• Marguerite and Armand is an adaptation created in 1963 by renowned choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton specifically for Rudolf Nureyev and prima ballerina assoluta Dame Margot Fonteyn.

• Veronica Paeper created a ballet Camille based on The Lady of the Camellias which has been staged several times since 1990.

Other novels

Love Story, published by Eric Segal in 1970, has essentially the same plot updated to contemporary New York. The conflict here centres on the relative economic classes of the central characters.

External links

• Full texts at Project Gutenberg in the original French and in an English translation
• 1953 Best Plays radio adaptation of play at Internet Archive