Struve Geodetic Arc

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	Struve Geodetic Arc
	Ensemble of memorable sites
	The northernmost station of the Struve Geodetic Arc is located in Fuglenes, Norway.
Countries	Estonia, Belarus, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldova, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine
Landmarks	Fuglenes, Staro-Nekrassowka, others
Seas	Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea
Coordinates	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Length	2,821,853 m (9,258,048 ft), north-south
Author	Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Founded	Geodetic Arc
Date	1855
	UNESCO World Heritage Site
Name	Struve Geodetic Arc
Year	2005 (#29)
Number	1187
Region	Europe and North America
Criteria	ii, iii, vi
	Map of the Struve Geodetic Arc where red points identify the World Heritage Sites.

Tartu Old Observatory, the first point of the arc.

Point Z that is situated on Hogland.

The commemorative plaque of the arc in Felshtyn, Ukraine

The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 km, which yielded the first accurate measurement of a meridian.^[1]

The chain was established and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855 to establish the exact size and shape of the earth. At that time, the chain passed merely through two countries: Union of Sweden-Norway and the Russian Empire. The Arc's first point is located in Tartu Observatory in Estonia, where Struve conducted much of his research.^[1]

In 2005, the chain was inscribed on the World Heritage List as a memorable ensemble of the chain made up of 34 commemorative plaques or built obelisks out of the original 265 main station points which are marked by drilled holes in rock, iron crosses, cairns, others.^[1]

Measurement of the triangulation chain comprises 258 main triangles and 265 geodetic vertices. The northernmost point is located near Hammerfest in Norway and the southernmost point near the Black Sea in Ukraine. This inscription is located in ten countries, the most of any UNESCO World Heritage.^[1]

Chain

Norway

Fuglenes in Hammerfest (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)^[1]
Raipas in Alta (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)^[1]
Luvdiidcohkka in Kautokeino (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)^[1]
Baelljasvarri in Kautokeino (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)^[1]

Sweden

"Pajtas-vaara" (Tynnyrilaki) in Kiruna
"Kerrojupukka" (Jupukka) in Pajala
Pullinki in Övertorneå
"Perra-vaara" (Perävaara) in Haparanda

Finland

Stuor-Oivi (currently Stuorrahanoaivi) in Enontekiö (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
Avasaksa (currently Aavasaksa) in Ylitornio (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
Torneå (currently Alatornion kirkko) in Tornio (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
Puolakka (currently Oravivuori) in Korpilahti (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
Porlom II (currently Tornikallio) in Lapinjärvi (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
Svartvira (currently Mustaviiri) in Pyhtää (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

^[2]

Russia

"Mäki-päälys" (Mäkipäällys (Finland 1917/1920-1940) in Hogland (Suursaari)
"Hogland, Z" (Gogland, Tochka Z) in Hogland (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

Estonia

"Woibifer" (Võivere) in Väike-Maarja Parish (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Katko" (Simuna) in Väike-Maarja Parish (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Dorpat" (Tartu Observatory) in Tartu. (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

Latvia

"Sestu-Kalns" (Ziestu) in Ērgļu novads (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Jacobstadt" in Jēkabpils (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

Lithuania

"Karischki" (Gireišiai) in Panemunėlis (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Meschkanzi" (Meškonys) in Nemenčinė (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Beresnäki" (Paliepiukai) in Nemėžis (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

Belarus

19 topographic points of the Struve Geodetic Arc are located in Belarus.^[3]

"Tupischki" (Tupishki) in Ashmyany district (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Lopati" (Lopaty) in Zelva district (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Ossownitza" (Ossovnitsa) in Ivanovo district (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Tchekutsk" (Chekutsk) in Ivanovo district (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)
"Leskowitschi" (Leskovichi) in Ivanovo district (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

Moldova

"Rudi" near Rudi village, Soroca district (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)

Ukraine

Krupi in Krupa, Volyn Oblast (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. )
Katerynivka in Antonivka, Khmelnytsky Oblast (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. )
Felshtyn in Hvardiiske, Khmelnytsky Oblast (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. )
Baranivka in Baranivka, Khmelnytsky Oblast (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. )
Staro-Nekrasivka (Stara Nekrasivka) in Nekrasivka, Odesa Oblast (Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. )

Results

Historical

At publication in 1858, the flattening of the earth was estimated at one part in 294.26. The earth's equatorial radius was estimated at 6,378,360.7 metres.^[1]

In 2005 the work was repeated using satellite navigation. The new flattening estimate was one part in 298.257 222 101 and the equatorial radius was 6,378,136.8 metres.^[1]

An earlier survey, in 1740, had given flattening at one part in 178 and an equatorial radius of 6,396,800 metres.^[1]

Modern

Northernmost point: Hammerfest (Fuglenes): 70° 40′ 11.23″ N^[1]

Southernmost point: Ismail (Staro-Nekrassowka): 45° 20′ 02.94″ N^[1]

Difference in Geodetic Latitude: 25° 20′ 08.29″^[1]

Distance in kilometres: 2,821.853 ± 0.012^[1]

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage,Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, Oslo, Norway (2005), Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc (pamphlet)
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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Template:World Heritage Sites in Finland

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[nor-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage,Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, Oslo, Norway (2005), Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc (pamphlet)

[2] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[3] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[1]

[2]

[3]

v t e World Heritage Sites in Norway
Northern	Rock Art of Alta Struve Geodetic Arc¹ Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago
Trøndelag	Røros Mining Town
Western	Bryggen Urnes Stave Church West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord
Eastern	Rjukan–Notodden Industrial Heritage Site
¹ Shared with nine other countries

v t e World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district
	Central	Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl
	Southern	Western Caucasus
	Northwestern	Curonian Spit¹ Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc²
	Far Eastern	Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island
	Siberian	Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin³
	Volga	Bolghar Kazan Kremlin
	North Caucasian	Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent
¹ Shared with Lithuania ² Shared with nine other countries ³ Shared with Mongolia

v t e World Heritage Sites in Sweden
For official site names, see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden.
East	Birka and Hovgården Engelsberg Ironworks Royal Domain of Drottningholm Skogskyrkogården
South	Agricultural Landscape of Stora Alvaret (Southern Öland) Hanseatic Town of Visby Naval Port of Karlskrona Rock Carvings in Tanum Varberg Radio Station
North	Church Village of Gammelstad, Luleå Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland The High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago¹ (High Coast) Laponian Area Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain, Falun Struve Geodetic Arc²
¹ Shared with Finland ² Shared with nine other countries

Struve Geodetic Arc

Contents

Chain

Norway

Sweden

Finland

Russia

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Belarus

Moldova

Ukraine

Results

Historical

Modern

See also

References

External links

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