Simurrum

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Simurrum Kingdom
𒋛𒈬𒌨𒊑𒅎
Location of Simurrun Kingdom
Religion Mesopotamian religions
Government Monarchy

The Simurrum Kingdom (Akkadian: 𒋛𒈬𒌨𒊑𒅎: Si-mu-ur-ri-im)[1] was an important city state of the Mesopotamian area from around 2000 BCE to 1500 BCE, during the period of the Akkadian Empire down to Ur III. The Simurrum Kingdom disappears from records after the Old Babylonian period.[2] It was neighbour and sometimes ally with the Lullubi kingdom.[3] It has been proposed that the city was on the Sirwan River (in Iran) which becomes the Diyala river in Iraq.[4]

Kingdom

File:Iddin-Sin, King of Simurrum, c. 2000 BC (detail).jpg
Iddin-Sin, King of Simurrum, armed with a bow and an axe, trampling a foe. Circa 2000 BCE (detail)

The Simurrum Kingdom seems to have been part of a belt of Hurrian city states in the northeastern portion of Mesopotamian area.[5][2] They were often in conflict with the rulers of Ur III.[2][6]

Several Kings (𒈗, pronounced Šàr, "Shar", in Akkadian)[7] of Simurrum are known, such as Iddin-Sin and his son Zabazuna.[8][2] Various inscriptions suggest that they were contemporary with king Ishbi-Erra (1953—c.1920 BCE).[6] Another king, mentioned in The Great Revolt against Narām-Sîn, was mPu-ut-ti-ma-da-al.[9]

Conflicts

Several inscriptions suggest that Simurrum was quite powerful, and shed some light on the conflicts around the Zagros area, another such example being the Anubanini rock relief of the nearby Lullubi Kingdom.[2] Four inscriptions and a relief (now in the Israel Museum) of the Simurrum have been identified at Bitwata near Ranya in Iraq, and one from Sarpol-e Zahab in Iran.[6][10][11]

The Simurrun were regularly in conflict with the Akkadian Empire. The names of four years of the reign of Sargon of Akkad describe his campaigns against Elam, Mari, Simurrum, and Uru'a (an Elamite city-state):[12][13]

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  1. Year in which Sargon went to Simurrum
  2. Year in which Sargon destroyed Uru'a
  3. Year in which Uru'a was destroyed
  4. Year in which Sargon destroyed Elam
  5. Year in which Mari was destroyed
— Known regnal year names of Sargon.[14][13][15]

One unknown year during the reign of Akkadian Empire king Naram-Sin of Akkad was recorded as "the Year when Naram-Sin was victorious against Simurrum in Kirasheniwe and took prisoner Baba the governor of Simurrum, and Dubul the ensi (ruler) of Arame".[16][17]

After the Akkadian Empire fell to the Gutians, the Lullubians and the Simurrums rebelled against the Gutian ruler Erridupizir, according to the latter's inscriptions:

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Ka-Nisba, king of Simurrum, instigated the people of Simurrum and Lullubi to revolt. Amnili, general of [the enemy Lullubi]... made the land [rebel]... Erridu-pizir, the mighty, king of Gutium and of the four quarters hastened [to confront] him... In a single day he captured the pass of Urbillum at Mount Mummum. Further, he captured Nirishuha.

— Inscription R2:226-7 of Erridupizir.[18]

At one point, Simurrum may have become a vassal of the Gutians.[2]

The Ur III empire was frequently in conflict with the city. A year name of the second ruler, Shulgi, was "Year Simurrum and Lullubum were destroyed for the ninth time". In one of these conflicts Shulgi captured the ruler of Sumurrum, Tabban-darah, and sent him to exile in Drehem. Sillus-Dagan is known to have been a governor of Simurrum under Ur III.[19][20] Military strugles continues up to the time of the final ruler of Ur III, Ibbi-Sin.[21] Simurrum seems to have become independent after the collapse of Ur III.[6]

Gallery

  • Rock Relief of Iddin-Sin, King of Simurrum, c. 2000 BC (detail).jpg

    King Iddin-Sin of the Kingdom of Simurrum, holding an axe and a bow, trampling a foe. Circa 2000 BCE. Israel Museum

  • Stela of Iddi-Sin, King of Simurrum. It dates back to the Old-Babylonian Period. From Qarachatan Village, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan. The Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq.jpg

    Stela of Iddi-Sin, King of Simurrum. It dates back to the Old-Babylonian Period. From Qarachatan Village, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan. The Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV.jpg

    Sarpol-e Zahab, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read. He is usually considered as a ruler of the Lullubi,[22][23] but he could be a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum, son of Iddin-Sin.[6]

  • Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief I (extracted).jpg

    Outline of relief I (extracted). Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read.[22]

See also

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References

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External links

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Frayne, D.R., 1997. On the location of Simurrum. Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour, 243-269
  5. ↑ [1]Hallo W.W., Simurrum and the Hurrian Frontier, Revue Hittite et Asianique, pp. 71-81, 1978
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Seidl, U., Das Relief, in A. Shaffer and N. Wasserman, Iddi(n)-Sin, King of Simurrum: A New Rock Relief Inscription and a Reverential Seal, ZA 93, 39-52, 2003
  9. ↑ J. G. Westenholz, "Legends of the Kings of Akkade", Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Fouadi, A. H. A., Inscriptions and Reliefs from Bitwata.", Sumer, vol. 34, no. 1-2, pp. 122–29, 1978
  12. ↑ Sargon's year-names
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Year-Names of Naram-Sin of Agade
  17. ↑ Cohen, Mark E. "A New Naram-Sin Date Formula.", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 28, no. 4, 1976, pp. 227–32
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Owen, David I., and S. Graziani. "The royal gift seal of Ṣilluš-Dagan, Governor of Simurrum." Studi sul Vicino Oriente antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni 61 (2000): 815-846
  20. ↑ Collon, Dominique. “THE LIFE AND TIMES OF TEḪEŠ-ATAL.” Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 84, no. 2, 1990, pp. 129–36
  21. ↑ Jacobsen, Thorkild., "The Reign of Ibbī-Suen.". Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, 1953
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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