Proto-Iranian language
Proto-Iranian, or Proto-Iranic,[1] is the reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family, and as such, the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Persian, Sogdian, Zazaki, Mazandarani, Kurdish and others. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the early 2nd millennium BC, and are usually connected with the Proto-Indo-Iranians and early Andronovo archaeological horizon.
Proto-Iranian was a Satem language descended from the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, which in turn came from the Proto-Indo-European language. It was likely removed less than a millennium from the Avestan language, and less than two millennia from PIE.
Proto-Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Phonological Correspondences
| PIE | Av | PIE | Av | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | → | p | *ph?ater "father" | pitar- "father" |
| *bʱ | → | b | *bʱréhater "brother" | bratar- "brother |
| *t | → | t | *tuhxóm "thou" | tvm "thou" |
| *d | → | d | *doru "wood" | dar- "wood" |
| *dʱ | → | d | *dʱohxneha- "grain" | dana- "grain" |
| *kʲ | → | s | *dékʲm? "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *gʲ | → | z | *gʲónu "knee" | zanu- "knee" |
| *gʱʲ | → | z | *gʱʲimós "cold" | z?maka- "winterstorm" |
| *k | → | x ~ c | *kruharós "bloody" | xrura- "bloody" |
| *g | → | g ~ z | *haéuges- "strength" | aojah "strength" |
| *gʱ | → | g ~ z | *dl?hxgʱós "long" | dar?ga- "long" |
| *kʷ | → | k ~ c | *kʷós "who" | ko "who" |
| *gʷ | → | g ~ j | *gʷou- "cow" | gau- "cow" |
| Proto-Indo-Iranian | Avestan[2] | Old Persian | Persian | Vedic Sanskrit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *aćva ("horse") | aspa | asa (native word)[3] | اسب asb (horse) | aśvaḥ |
| *bʱag- | baγa | baj- (baji; "tribute") | باج bâj (tax) | bhag- (bhaga) |
| *bʱratr- ("brother") | brātar | bratar | برادر barâdar (brother) | bhratŗ |
| *bʱumi ("earth", "land") | bumi | بوم bum | bhumi | |
| *martya ("mortal", "man") | mašiia | martya | مرد mard (man) | martya |
| *masa ("moon") | māh- | maha | ماه mâh (moon, month) | masa |
| *vasara ("early") | vahara ("spring") | بهار bahâr (spring) | vasara ("morning") | |
| *arta ("truth") | aša | arta | (?) راست râst (correct) | ŗta |
| *draugʱ- ("falsehood") | druj | draug- | دروغ dorugh (lie) | druh- |
| *sauma "pressed (juice)" | haoma | soma |
References
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Look up Appendix:Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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