List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe

This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe and their predecessors. The borders of Europe are difficult to define. The borders between Europe and Asia are generally agreed to be the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.

Sovereign state	Predecessors
Albania	Epirus (1183-186 BC) Province of Macedonia (146 BC – 357 AD) Roman Republic (167–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 357 AD) Diocese of Macedonia (357 – c. 842) Roman Empire (357–476 AD) Byzantine Empire (476 – c. 846) Theme of Dyrrhachium (c. 846–1190) Byzantine Empire Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255) Byzantine Empire (1190–1204) Despotate of Epirus (1205–1255) Despotate of Epirus (1255–1337) Kingdom of Albania (1272–1368) Kingdom of Sicily Lordship of Berat (1335–1444) Serbian Empire (1337–1356) Principality of Valona (1346–1417) Serbian Empire (1346–1355) Despotate of Epirus (1356–1479) Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374) Despotate of Arta (1358–1416) Princedom of Albania (1368–1444) Principality of Gjirokastër (1386–1418) Principality of Dukagjini (1387–1444) Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444) Venetian Albania (1420–1797) Most Serene Republic of Venice League of Lezhë (1444 – c. 1468) Ottoman Empire (1479–1912) Independent Albania (1912–1914) Principality of Albania (1914–1925) Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943) Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944) Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976) Socialist People's Republic of Albania (1976–1992) Republic of Albania (1992–present)
Andorra	Roman Republic (100–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Carolingian Empire (817–843) County of Urgell (843–1133) Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell (1133–1208) County of Foix (1208–1607/1610) Principality of Andorra (1278–present)
Armenia	Hayasa Azzi (1500-1290 BC) Arme Shupria (1290-1190 BC) Nairi (1114-860 BC) Urartu (860-590 BC) Achaemenid Empire (549 - 331 BC) Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC- 428 AD) Persian Armenia (428-646) Arminiya (654–884) Bagratid Armenia (884–1045) Seljuq Armenia (1071-1124) Georgian Armenia (1124-1386) Turkmen Armenia (1386-1501) Safavid dynasty (1501-1736) Ottoman Empire (1586–1828) Afsharid dynasty (1736-1796) Qajar dynasty (1789-1828) Russian Empire (1828–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Republic of Armenia (1991–present)
Austria	Noricum (400-16 BC) Roman Empire (16 BC–476 AD) Francia (481–843) East Francia (843-919) Margraviate of Austria (976–1156) Duchy of Austria (1156–1453) Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804) (within the Holy Roman Empire 962–1806) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) (within the German Confederation 1815–1866) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919) First Austrian Republic (1919–1934) Federal State of Austria (1934–1938) German Reich (1938–1945) Allied-occupied Austria (1945–1955) Republic of Austria (1955–present)
Azerbaijan	Achaemenid Empire (549 - 331 BC) Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC-705) Shirvanshah (861-1539) Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501) Safavid Empire (1501–1736) Russian Empire (1813–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present)
Belarus	Kievan Rus' (862–1240) Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1240–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793) Russian Empire (1793–1917) Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919) Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (1919) Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919) Second Polish Republic (1921-1939) Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1992) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Republic of Belarus (1991–present)
Belgium	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Spain (1482–1713) but within the Holy Roman Empire 24px Archduchy of Austria (1713–1797) within the Holy Roman Empire France (1797–1815) United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) Kingdom of Belgium (1830–present)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Duchy of Bosnia (753-1154) Banate of Bosnia (1154–1377) Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) Ottoman Empire (1463-1878) Austria-Hungary (1878–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–present)
Bulgaria	Thrace (1000 BC - 46 AD) First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) Byzantine Empire (1018–1185) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) Ottoman Empire (1396–1908) Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) (within Ottoman Empire) Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) Republic of Bulgaria (1990–present)
Croatia	Littoral Croatian Duchy (7th century-925) Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102) Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (1102-1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) Republic of Croatia (1991–present)
Cyprus	Alashiya (1450-1050 BC) Assyrian Empire (811 - 669 BC) Achaemenid Empire (550 - 330 BC) Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Byzantine Empire (476–1190) 24px Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489 AD) Ottoman Empire (?–1914) Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960) Republic of Cyprus (1960–present)
Czech Republic	Great Moravia (833-902) Duchy of Bohemia (?–1198) Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1804 (–1918)) within the Holy Roman Empire (?–1806) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) German Reich (1939–1945) & Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945) (German autonomous protectorate) Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1940) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1990–1992) Czech Republic (1993–present)
Denmark	Anglo-Norse Empire (1016–1035) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Kingdom of Denmark (c. 965–present)
Estonia	Terra Mariana (1207–1561) Swedish Empire (1561–1721) Russian Empire (1721–1918) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1940–1991) Republic of Estonia (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)
Finland	Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Swedish Empire (c. 1210–1809) Russian Empire (1809–1917) Republic of Finland (1917–present)
France	Roman Republic (123–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–260 AD) Gallic Empire (260-274 AD) Roman Empire (274–285 AD) Western Roman Empire(285–457 AD) Kingdom of Soissons (457–486 AD) Frankish Empire (481-800) Carolingian Empire (800–843) West Francia (843–987) Kingdom of France (987–1791) French Kingdom (1791–1792) French Republic (1792–1804) French Empire (1804–1814; 1815) Kingdom of France (1814–1815; 1815–1830) French Kingdom (1830–1848) French Republic (1848–1852) French Empire (1852–1870) French Republic (1870–1940) French State (1940–1944) French Republic (1944–present)
Georgia	Caucasian Iberia (c. 301 BC-580) Principality of Iberia (580-891) Kingdom of Iberia (mostly titular revival) (891-1008) Tao-Klarjeti (813-1008) Kingdom of Georgia (1008-1465) Kingdom of Imereti (1455-1810) Kingdom of Kartli (1484-1762) Kingdom of Kakheti (1465-1762) Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (1762–1801) Russian Empire (1801–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (republic of the Soviet Union) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union) Georgia (1991–present)
Germany	Carolingian Empire (800–843) East Francia (843–919) Kingdom of Germany (919-962) Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) (client states of the French Empire) & Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871) German Confederation (1815–1866) North German Confederation (1866–1871) German Reich (1871–1918) German Reich (1919–1933) & Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935) (French League of Nations mandate) German Reich (1934–1945) Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) (1949–1990; 1990–present), West Berlin (1949–1990), Saar Protectorate (1947–1956) (French protectorate) & German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (1949–1990) Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) (Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic, it is not a successor state)
Greece	Roman Republic (167–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Byzantine Empire Ottoman Empire (?–1822) Hellenic State (1822–1832) (named "Provisional Administration of Greece" from 1822–1828) Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924) Hellenic Republic (1822–1832) Kingdom of Greece (1935–1941) Hellenic State (1941–1944) (German and Italian puppet government) Kingdom of Greece (1944–1973) Hellenic Republic (1973–present)
Hungary	Pannonia (400 BC - 20 AD) Province of Pannonia (20-107) Hunnic Empire (370-469) Avar Khaganate (567-804) Great Moravia (833-902) Principality of Hungary (895-1000) Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1918) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Hungarian Democratic Republic (1918–1919) Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919–1920) Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) (1920–1946) Republic of Hungary (1946-1949) (1946–1949) People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989) Republic of Hungary (1989–present)
Iceland	Icelandic Free State (930–1262) Kingdom of Norway (1262–1814) Danish Crown (1380–1944) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Denmark–Norway (1536–1814) Kingdom of Denmark (1814–1918) Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) Iceland (1944–present)
Ireland	Hibernia (300 BC - 100 AD) Connachta (357-1439 AD) Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651) Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659) Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922) Irish Free State (1922–1937) Ireland (1937–present)
Italy	Roman Kingdom Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) the Italian peninsula divided into many states c. 400–1861, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Savoy (1416–1713) Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861) Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italian Republic (1946–present)
Kazakhstan	Golden Horde (1240s–1456) Kazakh Khanate (1456-1847) Russian Empire (1735/1860–1919) Soviet Russia (1919–1922) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Republic of Kazakhstan (1991–present)
Latvia	Terra Mariana (1207–1583) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1583–1611) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth & Swedish Empire (1611–1721) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth & Russian Empire (1721–1772) Russian Empire (1772–1918) Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1940–1991) Republic of Latvia (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)
Liechtenstein	Principality of Liechtenstein (1719–present) (within the German Confederation 1815–1866)
Lithuania	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Russian Empire (1795–1918) Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919) Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1940–1991) Republic of Lithuania (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)
Luxembourg	Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1890) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890–present)
Macedonia	Kingdom of Macedon (860 - 146 BC) Achaemenid Empire (510 - 330 BC) Byzantine Empire (330-1204, 1261–1453) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1346) Principality of Serbia (768-1217) & Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Kingdom of Prilep (1371–1395) Ottoman Empire (1395-1913) Kingdom of Serbia (1913–1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) REDIRECT Template:Country data North Macedonia (1991–present)
Malta	Phoenicia (800-480 BC) Carthaginian Empire (480-218 BC) Roman province of Sicilia (218 BC-395 AD) Byzantine Empire (395-870) (occupied by the Vandals 454-464 and Goths 464-533) Abbasid Caliphate (870–909) Fatimid Caliphate (909–1091) County of Sicily (1091–1130) Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1530) Order of Saint John (1530–1798) French occupation of Malta (1798–1800), La Nazione Gozitana (1798–1801) British Protectorate of Malta (1800–1813) Crown Colony of Malta (1813–1964) State of Malta (1964–1974) Republic of Malta (1974–present)
Moldova	Byzantine Empire Moldavia (1359-1812) (vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1514–1812) Russian Empire (1812–1918) Kingdom of Romania (1918–1945) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1945–1991) Republic of Moldova (1991–present)
Monaco	Republic of Genoa (?–1297) Principality of Monaco (1297–present)
Montenegro	Principality of Serbia (768-1217) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) noborder Principality of Zeta (1371–1402) Serbian Despotate (1402–1540) Ottoman Empire (1540-1852) Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910) (within Ottoman Empire until 1878) Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918) Kingdom of Serbia (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1992) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Montenegro (2006–present)
Netherlands	Frankish Kingdom (5th to 10th centuries), Frisian Kingdom (600-734), Duchy of (Lower) Lorraine (903–1190) & County of Holland (880-1384) Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) Seventeen Provinces (1482–1581) Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) First French Empire (1810–1813) United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–present)
Norway	Petty kingdoms of Norway (?–876) Norwegian Empire (872–1397) Anglo-Norse Empire (1016–1035) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Denmark–Norway (1536–1814) Kingdom of Norway (1814) United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905) Kingdom of Norway (1905–present)
Poland	Poland in the Early Middle Ages (?–1025) Kingdom of the Piasts (1025–1385) Kingdom of the Jagiellons (1385–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1815) Austria-Hungary, Prussia and the Russian Empire (1795–1918) Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) Republic of Poland (1918–1939) German Reich (1939–1944) Polish People's Republic (1944–1989) Republic of Poland (1989–present)
Portugal	Roman Republic (197 BC–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Suebic Kingdom (410-585) Visigothic Kingdom (418–711) Umayyad Caliphate (711-750) Emirate of Córdoba (756–868) County of Portugal, within the Kingdom of León (868–1139) Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1189) Kingdom of Portugal and Silves (1189–1191) Kingdom of Portugal (1191–1249) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarve (1249–1471) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1471–1815) United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1825–1910) Portuguese Republic (1910–present)
Romania	Dacia (700 - 82 BC) Dacia (82 BC - 106 AD) Roman Empire (106-271/275 AD) Wallachia (1330–1859; vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1415–1859) Moldavia (1359–1859; vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1514–1859) Romanian United Principalities (1859–1866) Principality of Romania (1866–1881) Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947) Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989) (renamed from "Romanian People's Republic" in 1965) Romania (1862–present)
Russia	Volga Bulgaria (7th–13th century) Khazar Khaganate (7th–10th century) Rus' Khaganate (9th century) Kievan Rus' (862–1283) Novgorod Republic (1136–1478) Vladimir-Suzdal (1157–1331; vassal of the Golden Horde 1240–1331) Golden Horde (1240–1502) Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547; vassal of the Golden Horde until 1480) Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721) Russian Empire (1721–1917) Russian Republic (1917) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Russian Federation (1991–present)
San Marino	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533) Byzantine Empire (533–754) Papal States (754–1600) Republic of San Marino (1600–present)
Serbia	Serbian Sklavinia (520s-768) Principality of Serbia (768-1217) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Moravian Serbia (1371–1402) Serbian Despotate (1402–1540) Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739 and 1788–1791) Ottoman Empire (1540–1817) Principality of Serbia (1817–1882) Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1992) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Republic of Serbia (2006–present)
Slovakia	Great Moravia (833-902) Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) Slovak Republic (1939–1945) (German client state) Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1940) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1990–1992) Slovak Republic (1993–present)
Slovenia	Holy Roman Empire (955–1806) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991) Republic of Slovenia (1991–present)
Spain	Celtiberia (580 - 76 BC) Carthaginian Iberia (576 - 206 BC) Roman Republic (76–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC - 285 AD) Western Roman Empire (285-418) Visigothic Kingdom (418–711) Umayyad Caliphate (Al-Andalus) (711-756) Emirate of Córdoba (756–929) Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) Catalan counties Crown of Aragon & Crown of Castile (?–1716) Kingdom of Spain (1716–1873) Spanish Republic (1873–1874) Kingdom of Spain (1873–1931) Spanish Republic (1931–1939) Kingdom of Spain (1939–present)
Sweden	Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Kingdom of Sweden (1523-1814) Kingdom of Sweden (Sweden in union with Norway 1814–1905) Kingdom of Sweden (1905–present)
Switzerland	Holy Roman Empire (?–1291) Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798) Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) Swiss Confederation (1803–present)
Turkey	Hittite Empire (1600 - 1178 BC) Phrygia (1200 - 700 BC) Achaemenid Empire (550 - 330 BC) Roman Republic (167–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Byzantine Empire (476–1453) Seljuq Empire (1037–1194) Seljuq Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307) Karamanids (1250–1487) Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) Republic of Turkey (1923–present)
Ukraine	Cimmeria (1300–625 BC) Scythia (690–250 BC) Sarmatia (450 BC – 400 AD) Rus' Khaganate (838–862) Kievan Rus' (862–1240) Principality of Kiev (1132–1471) Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349) Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1349–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648) Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764) Russian Empire (1764–1917) Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918) Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921) West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919) Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1922) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Ukraine (1991–present)
United Kingdom	Caledonia Hibernia Roman Empire (AD 43–410) Kingdom of Cantwara, Dál Riata, Kingdom of East Anglia, Kingdom of Mercia, Kingdom of Northumbria, Pictland, Kingdom of Strathclyde, Ireland, Principality of Wales & Kingdom of Wessex Kingdom of Scotland (843–1651), Kingdom of England (927–1649) & Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541) Anglo-Norse Empire (1016–1035) Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of England & Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651) Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659) Commonwealth of England (1659–1660) Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800), Kingdom of Scotland (1659–1707) & Kingdom of England (1660–1707) Kingdom of Ireland & Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present)
Vatican City	Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533) Byzantine Empire (533–754) Papal States (754–1798; 1799–1870) Roman Republic (1798–1799) (client state of France) Kingdom of Italy (1870–1929) (as a prisoner in the Vatican) Vatican City State (1929–present)

See also

• List of European sovereign states and dependent territories
• Succession of states
• Timeline of European nations