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Globe of Earth Geography is the science that studies the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of the Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of the natural and the human phenomena (geography as the study of distribution), the area studies (places and regions), the study of the human-land relationship, and research in the Earth sciences. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical science". Geography is divided into two main branches: human geography and physical geography. More about geography… Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly river, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India. The Port of Kolkata is India's oldest operating port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, it has undergone an economic rejuvenation. More anniversaries... ...that Stevens Arch (pictured) is one of the many geological features formed from Navajo Sandstone along Coyote Gulch in southern Utah, USA? ...that the Praetorian Building, a high-rise in Dallas, is regarded to be the first skyscraper constructed in the Southwestern United States? ...that the Mustagh Pass crosses the Baltoro Muztagh range in the Karakorams, from Pakistan to China? Template:/box-header {{Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography/to do}} Template:/box-footer Alfred Russel Wallace was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently proposing a theory of natural selection which prompted Charles Darwin to publish on his own theory. Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the Wallace Line that divides Indonesia into two distinct parts, one with animals more closely related to those of Australia and the other with animals more closely related to those found in Asia. He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the "father of biogeography". Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century who made a number of other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection. These included the concept of warning colouration in animals, and the Wallace effect, a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridization. An account of his observations, The Malay Archipelago, is regarded as probably the best of all journals of scientific exploration published during the 19th century. ▼ Geography ► Geography awards and competitions ► Geography education ► Exploration ► Geocodes ► Geographers ► History of geography ► Landscape ► Geography-related lists ► Navigation ► Places ► Surveying ► Geographic images ► Geography stubs Parent project WikiProject Geography Descendant projects Caves Cities Countries Country subdivisions Demographics Deserts Former countries Geographical coordinates Glaciers Islands Lakes Maps Mountains Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions of former countries Tropical cyclones Urban studies and planning Volcanoes Waterfalls Related projects WikiProject Globalization What are WikiProjects? A view of the High Engadin valley in Switzerland, from Muottas Muragl. The Engadin follows the route of the Inn River from its headwaters at Maloja Pass running northeast until the Inn flows into Austria 100 km (62 mi) downstream. The Engadin is protected by high mountains on all sides and is famous for its sunny climate, beautiful landscapes and outdoor activities. Antarctica Afro-Eurasia Americas Australia Africa Eurasia North America Oceania Europe Asia South America Supercontinents: Gondwana • Laurasia • Pangaea • Rodinia Template:/box-footer Africa Antarctica Arctic Asia Caribbean Central America Europe European Union Islands Latin America Mediterranean Middle East North America Oceania Oceans South America Atlas Atmosphere Atmospheric sciences Disasters Earth sciences Earthquakes Energy Environment Global warming Islands Mountains Physics Political science Science 65x40px Seamounts Sociology Sustainable development Tropical cyclones Volcanoes Water Weather The following Wikimedia sister projects provide more on this subject:

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