Paeonius
Paeonius[pronunciation?] (Greek: Παιώνιος Paionios) of Mende, Chalkidiki was a Greek sculptor of the late 5th century BC. He most likely received his early training in Northern Greece and is thought to have later adapted Athenian stylistic elements into his own work, based upon his probable interaction with the Olympia workshop of Pheidias.[1] In any case, he was “attic-trained.”[2]
Paeonius won the commission to decorate the acroteria of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, as described in the pedestal inscription on his Nike statue. An ancient account also references Paeonius' work at Olympia. Pausanias attributes the front (east) pedimental sculptures of the Temple of Olympian Zeus to Paeonius. The Nike Temple parapet at Athens is also often attributed to Paeonius, on the basis of similarities between the styles of drapery on both monuments.[3] Despite this assertion, scholars continue to debate the reliability of these attributions based upon the various interpretations of the scant additional evidence.
Nike by Paeonius featured prominently in the design of medals of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, and likely influenced later artistic renderings of victory personified. It is on permanent exhibition at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia.
Nike of Paeonios
The only work that can be positively attributed to him is the statue of Nike (c. 420 BC) discovered at Olympia. The Nike of Paeonios adorned a three-sided triangular pillar roughly 30 feet tall. She stood in the altis of the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia. With her wings and head intact, the statue itself was about 3 meters tall. Her drapery would have been painted red. The German School began excavations at Olympia in 1875; the French School had done excavations earlier in the 1800s.[4]
The Nike of Paeonius was erected c. 420 BC; a few years after the Athenian allies defeated the Spartans at the Battle of Sphacteria in 425 BC. The inscription reads that it was “dedicated by the Messenians and Naupaktians as a tithe of the spoils of their enemies.[5]
The Messenians and Naupaktians, allies of the Athenians, are careful not to mention “their enemies,” the Spartans, by name. Pausanias, a travel writer in the 2nd century AD, wrote, “But the Messenians themselves say that the offering is a trophy of the battle in which they fought on the Athenian side in the island of Sphacteria and that they refrained from inscribing the name of the enemy for fear of the Lacedaemonians (Spartans)." [6] The placement of this dedicatory statue at Olympia, considered Spartan ground, is most often interpreted by scholars as a deliberate and assertive act of dominance.[7]
This sculpture may be understood as political propaganda within the context of the Messenian Wars[disambiguation needed]. At least a century earlier, the Spartans had erected a statue of Zeus in the sanctuary, commemorating a victory over the Messenians. This dedication is also mentioned by Pausanias.[8] The positioning of the Nike may be seen as a visual comeback: the Nike erected by the Messenians and Naupaktians would appear to the visitor in front of the hand of the Zeus dedication behind it.
Paeonios combined both Ionian and Doric traditions in this monument. The erection of an offering on a high pillar is of Ionian origin, as the Dorians tended to use lower bases. By placing a well-known, generic image of triumph upon a pillar to symbolize a specific Victory, Paionios added to this tradition. The Ionians also favoured marble more often, yet the Nike wears a Dorian peplos.[9]
Paeonios slips his own victory into the inscription on his Nike monument. It reads that he was the “successful competitor in the construction of the akroteria for the temple.” [10] His victory in the competition was likely the result of devising not only the most aesthetically pleasing option, but also the most financially feasible.[11] That this piece of artwork is inscribed with the fund, occasion, and artist makes it invaluable for creating a history of Greek artistic and dedicatory work.
References
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- ↑ Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo. Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997. Print.
- ↑ Schefold, Karl. Art of Classical Greece. Holland: Menthuen & Co. Ltd, 1961. Print.
- ↑ Davidson, Thomas. “The Recent Excavations and Discoveries at Athens and Olympia.” American Geographical Society 12 (1880): 217-233. JSTOR. Web. 19 July 2012.
- ↑ Walston, Charles. Alcamenes and the Establishment of the Classical Type in Greek Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926. Print.
- ↑ Pausanias V.XXVI.I
- ↑ Walston, Charles. Alcamenes and the Establishment of the Classical Type in Greek Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926. Print.
- ↑ Pausanias V.XXIV.I
- ↑ Schefold, Karl. Art of Classical Greece. Holland: Menthuen & Co. Ltd, 1961. Print.
- ↑ Walston, Charles. Alcamenes and the Establishment of the Classical Type in Greek Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926. Print.
- ↑ Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo. Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997. Print.
External links
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