National poet

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Walt Whitman, often described as the United States' national poet
File:Léopold Sédar Senghor 1961-11-11.jpg
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Du Fu
File:Statue of Ferdowsi in Tus, Iran 3 (cropped).jpg
Ferdowsi
Kazi Nazrul Islam
Shota Rustaveli
File:Murasaki Shikibu junihitoe.jpg
Murasaki Shikibu
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
File:William Shakespeare sq.jpg
William Shakespeare
File:Ausias Marc.jpg
Ausiàs March
Dante Alighieri
File:Luís de Camões por François Gérard.jpg
Luís de Camões
Miguel de Cervantes
Johan Ludvig Runeberg
File:Orest Kiprensky - Портрет поэта А.С.Пушкина - Google Art Project.jpg
Alexander Pushkin
File:Lydia Koidula-Sachker.jpg
Lydia Koidula
Muhammad Iqbal
Adam Mickiewicz
File:Neruda2.jpg
Neruda
Taras Shevchenko
File:Vallejo de joven.jpg
César Vallejo
File:Barabás Miklós Arany.jpg
János Arany
Robert Burns

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture.[1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.[1]

Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so",[3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".[4]

The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.

Africa

Country Poet
 Algeria Si Mohand, Moufdi Zakaria
 Angola Agostinho Neto
 Egypt Ahmed Shawqi
 Ethiopia Gibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin
 Ghana Atukwei Okai, Kofi Awoonor
 Lesotho Thomas Mofolo
 Liberia Melvin B. Tolson
 Madagascar Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo
 Mali Fily Dabo Sissoko
 Mauritius Léoville L'Homme
 Morocco Mohammed Awzal
 Mozambique José Craveirinha
 Namibia Mvula ya Nangolo
 Nigeria Chinua Achebe
 Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor
 Sierra Leone Davidson Nicol
 Somalia Hadrawi
 South Africa Mazisi Kunene, S. E. K. Mqhayi
 Sudan Gely Abdel Rahman
 Tanzania Shaaban bin Robert[5]
 Tunisia Aboul-Qacem Echebbi

Asia

Country Poet
 Afghanistan Rumi, Khushal Khattak[6]
 Armenia Grigor Narekatsi, Sayat-Nova, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Yeghishe Charents
 Azerbaijan Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun
 Bangladesh Kazi Nazrul Islam
 China Du Fu, Li Bai, Lu Xun, Luo Binwang, Wang Bo, Lu Zhaolin, Song Zhiwen, Du Shenyan, Yang Jiong, Chen Zi'ang, Zhang Jiuling, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Huangfu Ran, Wang Changling, He Zhizhang, Wang Zhihuan, Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Du Mu, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Wang Anshi, Li Qingzhao, Yue Fei, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang, Xin Qiji, Fan Zhongyan, Fan Chengda, Yan Shu, Su Zhe, Sima Guang, Lu You, Ouyang Xiu, Wen Tianxiang
 Cambodia Preah Botumthera Som, Krom Ngoy, Chuon Nath
 Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov[7]
 India Valmiki, Jhaverchand Meghani, Vedavyasa, Kalidasa, Amir Khusrau, Daagh Dehlvi, Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, Tulsidas, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Rabindranath Tagore, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Subramanya Bharathi, Kuvempu, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Nilmani Phookan, M. Govinda Pai, G.S. Shivarudrappa, Pradeep, Sohan Lal Dwivedi, Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Tanupriya Kalita, Sananta Tanty, Kumar Vishwas
 Indonesia Chairil Anwar
 Iran Ferdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar, Abu Sa'eed, Sanai, Rudaki, Nezami Ganjavi, Saadi, Omar Khayyám, Nasir Khusraw, Vahshi Bafqi, Aref Qazvini, Nima Yooshij, Simin Behbahani, Adib Boroumand, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Parvin E'tesami
 Iraq Al-Mutanabbi, Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Muthaffar al-Nawab, Nazik Al-Malaika, Ahmed Matar, Saadi Youssef, Lamia Abbas, Maruf al Rusafi  Kurdistan Khana Qubadi, Ahmad Khani, Haji Qadir Koyi, Faqi Tayran, Sherko Bekas, Malaye Jaziri
 Israel Hayim Nahman Bialik
 Japan Koizumi Yakumo, Murasaki Shikibu, Matsuo Bashō, Kobayashi Issa, Ishikawa Takuboku, Tanikawa Shuntaro
 Jordan Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
 Kazakhstan Abai Qunanbaiuli
Unification flag of Korea.svg Korea Cho Ki-chon,[8] Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong Cheol
 Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Satylganov
 Lebanon Kahlil Gibran, Said Akl
 Malaysia Usman Awang
 Mongolia Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo
 Myanmar Min Thu Wun
   Nepal Madhav Prasad Ghimire
 Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal
 Palestine Mahmoud Darwish
 Philippines Francisco Balagtas
 Saudi Arabia Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi
 Sri Lanka Ananda Samarakoon
 Syria Adunis, Nizar Qabbani
 Taiwan Loa Ho, Yu Kwang-chung, Luo Fu (poet), Yang Mu
 Tajikistan Rudaki, Ferdowsi, Saadi, Molavi, Nasir Khusraw, Sadriddin Ayni, Gulnazar Keldi
 Thailand Thammathibet, Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai (disputed), Sunthorn Phu, Vajiravudh, Thommayanti
 Turkmenistan Magtymguly Pyragy
 Uzbekistan Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir
 Vietnam Nguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân Hương, Bà Huyện Thanh Quan, Hàn Mặc Tử, Đoàn Thị Điểm, Nguyễn Khuyến
 Yemen Abdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman

Europe

Country Poet
 Albania Gjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri
 Andorra Albert Salvadó
 Austria Franz Grillparzer, Peter Rosegger, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy
 Belarus Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas
 Belgium Emile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck  Flanders Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlić, Aleksa Šantić
 Bulgaria Hristo Botev,[9] Ivan Vazov
 Croatia Marko Marulić, Miroslav Krleža
 Cyprus Vasilis Michaelides
 Czech Republic Karel Hynek Mácha, Božena Němcová, Jan Neruda
 Denmark Adam Oehlenschläger, Søren Kierkegaard
 Faroe Islands William Heinesen
 Estonia Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia Koidula, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald
 Finland Eino Leino,[10] Johan Ludvig Runeberg[11]
 France Charles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo
 Georgia Shota Rustaveli
 Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller
 Gibraltar Héctor Licudi
 Greece Homer, Dionysios Solomos
 Guernsey George Métivier
 Hungary Sándor Petőfi, János Arany
 Iceland Egill Skallagrímsson, Jónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson
 Ireland Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney
 Isle of Man T. E. Brown
 Italy Virgil, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giovanni Boccaccio, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio
 Jersey Wace
 Latvia Rainis, Andrejs Pumpurs
 Liechtenstein Peter Kaiser
 Lithuania Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis
 Luxembourg Edmond de la Fontaine, Michel Rodange, Michel Lentz
 Malta Dun Karm Psaila
 Moldova Grigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu
 Monaco Louis Notari
 Montenegro Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
 Netherlands Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats
 Friesland Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks)
 North Macedonia Kočo Racin, Georgi Pulevski and Kole Nedelkovski
 Norway Henrik Wergeland
 Poland Jan Kochanowski, Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Cyprian Norwid
 Portugal Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa
 Romania Mihai Eminescu
 Russia Alexander Pushkin  Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov  North Ossetia-Alania Kosta Khetagurov
 San Marino Pio Chiaruzzi
 Serbia Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Vladislav Petković Dis, Oskar Davičo, Desanka Maksimović (Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro)[12]
 Kosovo Din Mehmeti, Ali Podrimja
 Slovakia Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
 Slovenia France Prešeren
 Spain Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega,[1] Federico García Lorca  Catalonia Ausiàs March,[13] Vicent Garcia, Jacint Verdaguer  Galicia Rosalía de Castro, Eduardo Pondal, Afonso X, Castelao
 Sweden Carl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér, Evert Taube
  Switzerland Gottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler
 Turkey Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet
 Ukraine Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka
 United Kingdom  England Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare,[14] William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Scotland Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid  Wales Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym

North America

Country (or region) Poets
 Barbados Kamau Brathwaite
 Canada Pauline Johnson, John McCrae, Margaret Atwood, Lucy Maud Montgomery  Quebec Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc, Gaston Miron, Gérald Godin, Émile Nelligan, Octave Crémazie
 Cuba José Martí, Lezama Lima,[15] Nicolás Guillén[16]
 Costa Rica Aquileo J. Echeverría, Carmen Lyra
 Dominican Republic Pedro Mir
 Greenland Henning Jakob Henrik Lund
 Guatemala Miguel Ángel Asturias
 Haiti Jacques Roumain
 Jamaica Claude McKay
 Mexico Ramón López Velarde, Octavio Paz
 Nicaragua Rubén Darío
 Panama Ricardo Miró[17]
 Saint Lucia Derek Walcott[18]
 Puerto Rico Julia de Burgos,[19] Giannina Braschi,[20] Juan Antonio Corretjer,[21] Lola Rodríguez de Tió,[22] Nimia Vicéns[23]
 United States Walt Whitman,[24][25] Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks[26]

Oceania

Country Poets
 Australia Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, Dorothea Mackellar, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson
 New Zealand James K. Baxter, Allen Curnow

South America

Country Poets
 Argentina José Hernández,[27]Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones
 Brazil Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis
 Chile Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral[28]
 Colombia Rafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva
 Ecuador José Joaquín de Olmedo, Jorge Enrique Adoum
 Guyana Martin Carter
 Peru César Vallejo
 Suriname Trefossa
 Uruguay Juan Zorrilla de San Martín
 Venezuela Rómulo Gallegos, Andrés Eloy Blanco

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ "Our National Poets", Ricardo Blanco, Academy of American Poets, 2020. https://poets.org/our-national-poets
  3. ↑ John Neubauer, "Figures of National Poets", in Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer, eds., Figures of National Poets (2004), p. 11.
  4. ↑ Michael Baron, Language and Relationship in Wordsworth's Writing (1995), p. 13.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Hristo Botev’s birth anniversary Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Bulgaria History and Religion, posted January 6, 2007, updated on January 12, 2007, accessed 9 March 2007
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi. Pittsburgh, 2020. ISBN 9780822946182
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Nathanael O'Reilly, "Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of 'Leaves of Grass'", Irish Journal of American Studies.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). ISBN 0-465-04361-5. Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

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