Michael R. Taylor

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For the museum director, see Michael R. Taylor (museum director). For the basketball player Michael Rene Taylor, see Mike Taylor (basketball).
Michael R. Taylor
File:Michael R. Taylor 01.jpg
Michael R. Taylor in 2009
Nationality American
Occupation Deputy Commissioner for Foods, Food and Drug Administration

Michael R. Taylor is an American lawyer. Since 2010 he has been the Deputy Commissioner for Foods at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Early career

Taylor received a B.A. degree in political science from Davidson College and a law degree from the University of Virginia. In 1976, after passing the bar examination, he became a staff attorney for the Food and Drug Administration, where he was executive assistant to the FDA Commissioner.[1][2]

From 1981 - 1991 Taylor worked in private law practice at King & Spalding, one client of which was the biotechnology company Monsanto.[3] He established and led the firm's food and drug law practice.[1][2]

In 1988 he published an article entitled "The De Minimis Interpretation of the Delaney Clause: Legal and Policy Rationale" in the Journal of the American College of Toxicology (now called the International Journal of Toxicology), which he had previously presented in December 1986 at a symposium on Topics in Risk Analysis, sponsored by International Life Sciences Institute Risk Science Institute, Society for Risk Analysis, and Brookings Institution.[4] The paper was delivered and published during the midst of a debate and litigation over federal agencies' interpretation of the Delaney clause, a part of a 1958 federal law that prohibits any carcinogenic chemical from being added, in any amount, to food that is processed. As analytical instrumentation increased in power and more agents were found to be carcinogenic at very low levels, the agencies had developed a quantitative risk assessment approach to interpreting the Delaney Clause, which stated that if a carcinogen was present at levels less than 1 in 1,000,000 parts (1ppm), the risk of that carcinogen was "de minimis", and it could be allowed on the market.[5] In his article, Taylor presented arguments in favor of this approach. Advocates in favor of organic food have criticized Taylor for taking this stance and have attributed the stance not to a good faith effort to reasonably regulate, but to an alleged desire to benefit Monsanto financially.[6]:58

US Food and Drug Administration, 1991-1994

On July 17, 1991, Michael Taylor left King & Spalding for the FDA, accepting the newly created post of 'Deputy Commissioner for Policy'. In 1992, he signed a guidance that milk from cows treated with BGH did not have to be labeled as such.[1][7] His name is not on the FDA’s May 1992 guidance on genetically modified (GM) plant foods,[8] but he is said to have been a co-author.[1] Both documents are part of a regulatory framework developed since the mid-1980s under the Reagan and Bush Administrations to ensure the public's safety and development of the fledgling biotechnology industry without overly burdensome regulation.[9] The guidance had three tenets: "(1) U.S. policy would focus on the product of GM techniques, not the process itself, (2) only regulation grounded in verifiable scientific risks would be tolerated, and (3) GM products are on a continuum with existing products and, therefore, existing statutes are sufficient to review the products."[9] These tenets were first described in the 'Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology', published by the President's Domestic Policy Council Working Group on Biotechnology through the Office of Science and Technology Policy in 1986.[10][dead link] The 1992 guidance, for example, treats "transferred genetic material and the intended expression product or products" in food derived from GM crops as food additives subject to existing food additive regulation, under which that material may be considered either generally recognized as safe (GRAS) or not GRAS, initially at the producer's determination.[8] If the food additive is not GRAS, the producer is required to submit data proving that the food additive does not "adulterate" the food - in other words, that the additive is not injurious to health.[8] With respect to GM food, the FDA retained its ability to take enforcement action any food it found to be "adulterated", which would make its producer "subject to the full range of enforcement measures under the act, including seizure, injunction, and criminal prosecution of those who fail to meet their statutory duty."[8]

United States Department of Agriculture, 1994-1996

Between 1994 and 1996 Taylor moved to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), where he was Administrator of the Food Safety & Inspection Service. During that term he implemented a science-based approach called Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)) to raising safety standards for meat and poultry production[11] over the protests from industry, which food safety advocates have called "a truly heroic accomplishment".[1][12]

In February, 1994 anti-biotechnology activist Jeremy Rifkin charged that Taylor had a conflict of interest with respect to the approval of rBST.[13] The FDA replied that Taylor had recused himself from all but the final stages of the review.[13] The Washington Post reported that: "On March 15, FDA Commissioner David A. Kessler sent Rifkin a four-page letter stating that 'none of the activities of Mr. Taylor cited in your petition were in violation of any applicable law or regulation, or were otherwise inappropriate.... I believe that Mr. Taylor's behavior adhered to all applicable ethical standards.' Kessler said that Taylor had not been 'intimately' involved in Monsanto's efforts to obtain approval, as Rifkin charged, and that he was involved in the FDA's bST policy only in the final stages of review. Kessler attached a nine-page memo by FDA ethics official Jack M. Kress supporting that position. Upon arriving at the FDA in the summer of 1991, Taylor recused himself for one year from taking part in any agency action dealing directly with Monsanto or any other King and Spalding clients."[13] It also reported that "Some longtime agency critics found the charges against Taylor misplaced, like Sidney Wolfe, a physician who heads the Public Citizen Health Research Group and has filed complaints with the FDA about revolving-door ethics issues concerning other officials."[13]

Monsanto, 1996 - 2000

Between 1996 and 2000, after briefly returning to King & Spalding, Taylor worked for Monsanto as a Vice President for Public Policy.[14]

In 1999, a lawsuit (Alliance For Bio-Integrity v. Shalala[15][16]) and GAO report revealed considerable disagreement within the FDA concerning decisions about biotechnology products made during Taylor's tenure. The lawsuit and report also said that Mr. Taylor had recused himself from matters related to Monsanto’s BGH and had “never sought to influence the thrust or content” of the agency’s policies on Monsanto’s products.[1][17]

Center for Risk Management, 2000 - 2009

In June 2000, he joined the think tank Resources for the Future (RFF) in the position of Senior Fellow and Director of RFF’s Center for Risk Management,[18] where he published two documents on U.S. aid for African agriculture, both of which were funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. During this time he was also a Director at 'Resolve', a nonprofit environmental and public health mediation and dispute resolution organization, and was an adjunct professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center.[18]

During this time, Taylor made strong arguments for a more rigorous and unified approach to food safety, in which he argued for:

  • "A single agency accountable for providing consistent and coordinated oversight of food safety, from farm to table.
  • Institution of Pathogen Reduction: HACCP, with performance standards verified by pathogen testing, at every step of food production.
  • Recall authority, access to records, and penalties for lapses in safety procedures.
  • Standards for imported foods equivalent to those for domestic foods.
  • Food safety to take precedence over commercial considerations in trade disputes."[1][19]

Taylor has been a professor at the University of Maryland’s School of Medicine. In 2007, he became a Research Professor of Health Policy at the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services.[1]

FDA, 2009 - present

On July 7, 2009, Taylor returned to government as Senior Advisor to the FDA Commissioner.[20] On January 13, 2010, he was appointed to another newly created post at the FDA, Deputy Commissioner for Foods.[21]

In everyday culture

Taylor is featured in the documentaries

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Marion Nestle Michael Taylor appointed to FDA: A good choice! Food Politics (Blog) 7 July 2009
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Woodrow Wilson Center bio Woodrow Wilson Center, 19 September 2007
  3. ↑ Marie-Monique Robin: The World According to Monsanto
  4. ↑ Taylor MR. The De Minimis Interpretation of the Delaney Clause: Legal and Policy Rationale. International Journal of Toxicology July/August 1988, 7: 529-537. (subscription required)
  5. ↑ Merrill, Richard A. "Food Safety Regulation: Reforming the Delaney Clause" in Annual Review of Public Health, 1997, 18:313-40. (27pp) --includes a historical review of prior food safety regulation.
  6. ↑ Jon Luoma . Pandora's Pantry for Mother Jones. January/February 2000
  7. ↑ Federal Register Labeling Notice[dead link]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 FDA. FDA Guidance to Industry for Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties Federal Register. Volume 57 - 1992. Friday, May 29, 1992. Note. Taylor's name does not appear in this document, Maryansky's does.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Emily Marden, Risk and Regulation: U.S. Regulatory Policy on Genetically Modified Food and Agriculture, Boston College Law Review 733 Volume 4, Issue 3 Number 3 (5-1-2003) 56 pages
  10. ↑ Coordinated Framework United States Regulatory Agencies Unified Biotechnology Website decomissioned per 27 March 2013
  11. ↑ Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems Federal Register Meat Production
  12. ↑ NY Times profile 2010
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Washington Pos article 1994
  14. ↑ Michael R. Taylor, Named Deputy Commissioner for Foods at FDA marlerblog.com, January 2010
  15. ↑ FDA report of decision
  16. ↑ Alliance report on lawsuit
  17. ↑ Marion Nestle. Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism (California Studies in Food and Culture) ISBN 0520242238, p=205
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Bio as Director of Resolve
  19. ↑ Michael R. Taylor and Stephanie D. David. Stronger Partnerships for Safer Food: An Agenda for Strengthening State and Local Roles in the Nation’s Food Safety System
  20. ↑ Noted Food Safety Expert Michael R. Taylor Named Advisor to FDA Commissioner
  21. ↑ Meet Michael R. Taylor, J.D., Deputy Commissioner for Foods
  22. ↑ The World according to Monsanto from Google Video

External links

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