List of wars involving India

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This is a list of known wars, conflicts, battles/sieges, missions and operations involving former kingdoms and states in the Indian subcontinent and the modern day Republic of India and its predecessors.

Ancient India (c. 15th to 1st century BC)

Name of conflict Belligerents Belligerents Outcome
Battle of the Ten Kings (c. 14th century BC) Bharata tribe Ten King Alliance Bharatas Victory
Kurukshetra War Pandavas of Kuru Kingdom Kaurava of Kuru Kingdom Pandavas Victory
  • After Pandavas victory, entire North India or central India come under Kuru rule.
Kosala-Kashi war
(c. 650 BC)
Kosala kingdom Kasi kingdom Kosala Victory
  • Kosala annexation of Kāsī
Kosala conquest of Gaṇasaṅgha
(c. 600 to 550 BC)
Kosala kingdom Gaṇasaṅghas
Kālāma
Shakya
Koliya
Kosala Victory
  • Kosala annexation of three Gaṇasaṅgha
Gandhāra-Avanti war
(c. 575 BC)
Gandhāra kingdom Pradyota dynasty Gandhāra Victory
Magadha-Anga war
(c. 535 BC)
Haryanka dynasty Anga Kingdom Magadha Victory
  • Magadhan annexation of Anga
Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
(c. 535/518BCE–450 BC)
Mahajanapadas Achaemenid Empire Achaemenid Victory
  • Persian rule established over the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent
Avanti-Magadhan wars
(c. 510 BC–400 BC)
Haryanka dynasty
Shishunaga dynasty
Avanti (Ancient India) Magadha Victory
  • Magadhan annexation of Avanti
Magadha-Kosala war
(c. Late 5th century BC)
Kosala kingdom Magadha led by Haryanka dynasty Magadha Victory
  • Magadhan annexation of Kosala and Kasi
Magadha-Vajji war
(c. 484 BC–468 BC)
Haryanka dynasty Vajjika League led by the Licchavis Magadha Victory
  • Magadhan annexation of Vajji confederacy
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
(c. 327 BC–325 BC)
Macedonian Empire Various Indian kingdoms * Macedonia conquers up to the Beas River, yet has to stop its advance in the Indus.
Battle of the Hydaspes
(c. 326 BC)
Porus Macedon
League of Corinth
Persian allies
Indian allies
Macedon Victory
  • Annexation of Punjab
  • Porus became his province chief
Conquest of the Nanda Empire
(c. 323 BC–322 BC)
Chandragupta Maurya Nanda Empire Maurya Victory
Seleucid–Mauryan war
(c. 305 BC–303 BC)
Maurya Empire Seleucid Empire Maurya Victory
  • Maurya annexation of all of the Macedonian Satrapies in the Indus River Valley along with conquest of Persian territories such as Arachosia, Gedrosia and Paropamisadae by the Mauryans [1][2][3]
Kalinga War
(c. 262 BC–261 BC)
Maurya Empire Kalinga Maurya Victory
  • Maurya annexation of Kalinga
Shunga-Greek War
(2nd Century BC)
Shunga dynasty Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Shunga Victory
Battle of Vijithapura
(c. 162/161 BC)
Chola dynasty Anuradhapura Kingdom Anuradhapura Victory
Battle of Vidarbha
(c. 145 BC)
Shunga Empire Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era) Shunga Victory
Battle on the Sindhu river
(c. 135 BC)
Shunga Empire Indo-Greek Kingdom Shunga Victory

Classical India (c. 1st to 6th century AD)

Name of conflict Belligerents Belligerents Outcome
Saka-Satavahana Wars (c. 1st–2nd century AD) Satavahana Empire Western Kshatrapas Satvahana Victory
Battle of Venni (c. 130 AD) Cholas (Uraiyur) Chera dynasty
Pandya dynasty
Velir
Chola Victory
Second Parthian-Kushan War (between c. 130 AD to c. 140 AD) Kushan Empire Parthian Empire
Kushan Victory
Gupta conquests of Bengal
(between c. 320–380 AD)
Gupta Empire Pundravardhana
Pushkarana
Samatata
Vanga confederacy
Local Vanga states and kingdoms
Gupta Victory
Gupta–Saka Wars
(c. 335–413 AD)
Gupta Empire Western Satraps Gupta Victory
Samudragupta's conquest of Western Satraps
(c. 350 to c. 360 AD)
Gupta Empire Western Satraps Gupta Victory
Gupta–Hunnic Wars
(c. 367–534 AD)
Hepthalites Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Victory
Chandragupta II's conquest of Western Satraps
(c. 390 to c. 410 AD)
Gupta Empire Western Satraps Gupta Victory
Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh (c. 5th Century AD) Gupta Empire Sassanian empire
Hunas
Gupta victory, Afghanistan up to Balkh conquered by the Guptas
Skandagupta's conquest of Hunas
(c. 455 to c. 457 AD)
Gupta Empire Alchon Huns Gupta Victory
First Hunnic War
(c. 496–515 AD)
Indian Kingdoms confederacy, Gupta Empire
Aulikara Empire
Later Gupta dynasty
Alchon Huns Indian kingdoms Victory
Second Hunnic War
(incl. Battle of Sondani (c. 528 AD))

(c. 520–534 AD)
Indian Kingdoms confederacy, Aulikara Empire
Gupta Empire
Later Gupta dynasty
Alchon Huns Indian Kingdoms Victory

Early Medieval India (c. 7th to 12th century AD)

Name of conflict Belliegents Opponents Outcome
Battle of Narmada
(619 AD)
Chalukyas of Vatapi Vardhana dynasty Chalukya victory
Battle of Pullalur
(618–619 AD)
Chalukyas of Vatapi Pallava dynasty Chalukya victory
  • Result of battle is inconclusive by mostly historians
  • Part of Chalukya–Pallava Wars
Battle of Vatapi
(642 AD)
Chalukyas of Vatapi Pallava dynasty Pallava victory
  • Pallava victory and conquest of Vatapi
  • Part of Chalukya–Pallava Wars
Umayyad campaigns in India
(712–740 AD)
Gurjara-Pratihara
Guhila dynasty
Maitraka dynasty
Chalukya dynasty
Karkota Empire
Umayyad Caliphate Indian Victory
  • Arab and later Muslim invasions halted in India for next 250 years.
Yaqub's campaigns to the east

(861–870)

Zunbils

Kharijites

Medieval India

23x23px Abbasid Caliphate Saffarid Victory

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them

Pala Tibetan War ( 8th-9th AD) Pala Empire Tibetan Empire Pala empire victory
Ghaznavid campaigns in India
(10th and 11th centuries)
Hindu Shahis
Rajput confederacy
Jatts
Chandelas
Kachchhapaghata dynasty
Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
Lodi dynasty of Multan
Tomara dynasty
Ghaznavids Ghaznavid Victory
  • Beginning of Muslim rule in the Indian Subcontinent
Chalukya–Chola wars
(992–1120 AD)
Chola Empire Western Chalukya Empire Chola Victory
Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
(993–1017 AD)
Chola Empire Anuradhapura Kingdom Chola Victory
Chola expedition to North India
(1019–1024 AD)
Chola Empire Somavamsi dynasty
Pala Empire
Kamboja Pala dynasty
Chandra dynasty
Chola victory
Chola invasion of Srivijaya
(1025 AD)
Chola Empire Srivijaya Chola Victory
Chola invasion of Kadaram
(1068 AD)
Chola Empire Srivijaya Chola Victory
Sena revolution of Bengal
(1070–1165 AD)
Sena dynasty Pala dynasty
Varman Dynasty (Bengal)
Sena victory
Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor

(1175–1206)

Rajput Confedracy

Sena dynasty Soomra dynasty Ghaznavids Qarmatians Tibetan tribes

Ghurid dynasty Ghurids Victory

Late Medieval India (c. 13th to 15th century AD)

Name of conflict Belligerents Belligerents Outcome
Battle of Katasin
(1243)
Ganga Empire Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) Ganga Empire Victory
Second seizure of Lakhnauti
(1244)
Ganga Empire Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) Ganga Empire Victory
Battles of Umurdan
(1247–1256)
Ganga Empire Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) Ganga Empire Victory
Battle of Beas River
(1285)
Delhi Sultanate Chagatai Khanate Delhi Sultanate Victory
Mongol invasion of India
(1297–1298)
Delhi Sultanate Chagatai Khanate Delhi Sultanate Victory
  • Mongol forces expelled from India
Battle of Kili
(1299)
Khalji dynasty Chagatai Khanate Khalji Victory
Siege of Ranthambore
(1301)
Delhi Sultanate Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura Delhi Sultanate Victory
Siege of Chittorgarh
(1303)
Delhi Sultanate Guhila dynasty Delhi Sultanate Victory
Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat
(1304)
Delhi Sultanate Vaghela dynasty Delhi Sultanate Victory
Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa
(1305)
Delhi Sultanate Paramara dynasty Delhi Sultanate Victory
Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri
(1308)
Delhi Sultanate Seuna dynasty Delhi Sultanate Victory
Siege of Warangal (1310) Kakatiya Empire Khalji dynasty Khalji Victory
Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom
(1310–1311)
Pandyan Kingdom Khalji dynasty Khalji Victory
Siege of Warangal (1318) Kakatiya Empire Khalji dynasty Khalji Victory
Battle of Lahrawat
(1320)
Khusrau Khan Tughlaq dynasty Tughlaq Victory
Siege of Warangal (1323) Kakatiya Empire Tughlaq dynasty Tughlaq Victory
Battle of Singoli
(1336)
Kingdom of Mewar Tughlaq dynasty Rajput Victory
Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War
(1353–1359)
Delhi Sultanate Bengal Sultanate Bengal Sultanate Victory
  • Withdrawal by the Delhi Sultanate
  • Delhi recognises sovereignty of the Sultan of Bengal
Jaunpur-Bhojpur War
(1389–1489)
Jaunpur Sultanate Ujjainiyas of Bhojpur Jaunpur Sultanate Victory
  • Ujjainiyas flee into the forest and lead a guerilla warfare resistance
Battle of Delhi (1398)
(1398)
Timurid Empire Delhi Sultanate Timurid Empire Victory
Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War
(1415–1420)
Bengal Sultanate
Diplomatic support:
Timurid Empire
Ming China
Jaunpur Sultanate Bengal Sultanate Victory
Battle of Sarangpur
(1437)
Kingdom of Mewar
Kingdom of Marwar
Malwa Sultanate Rajput Victory
Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas
(1442–1446)
Kingdom of Mewar Malwa Sultanate Rajput Victory
Battle of Nagaur
(1457)
Kingdom of Mewar Gujarat Sultanate
Nagaur Sultanate
Rajput Victory

Early Modern India (c. 16th to mid 19th century AD)

Name of conflict (Time) Belligerents Opponents Outcome
First Battle of Cannanore

(1501)

Kingdom of Calicut  Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Battle of Calicut (1503) Kingdom of Calicut

Arab privateers

 Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Battle of Cochin

(1504)

Kingdom of Calicut

Vassal Malabari states

Flag Portugal (1495).svg Portugal

30x30px Kingdom of Cochin

Portuguese victory
Portuguese-Mamluk naval war

(1505–1517)

Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate

Kingdom of Calicut

Bijapur Sultanate

Gujarat Sultanate Flag.gif Gujarat Sultanate

Supported by:

 Republic of Venice

 Ottoman Empire

 Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Siege of Anjadiva (1506) Bijapur Sultanate  Portuguese Empire Bijapur victory
Siege of Cannanore (1507) Kingdom of Cannanore

Kingdom of Calicut

 Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Battle of Dabul

(1508)

Bijapur Sultanate  Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts

(1508–1573)

Gujarat Sultanate Flag.gif Gujarat Sultanate

Supported by:

Kingdom of Calicut

Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate (until 1517)

 Ottoman Empire (since 1517)

 Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Portuguese conquest of Goa

(1510)

Bijapur Sultanate 22x22px Kingdom of Portugal Portuguese victory
Siege of Aden

(1513)

 Portuguese Empire Yemeni Tahirids Tahirid victory
Siege of Goa (1517) Bijapur Sultanate  Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Battle of Zeila

(1517)

 Portuguese Empire 25x25px Adal Sultanate Portuguese victory
Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts

(1518–1658)

 Kingdom of Sitawaka

 Kingdom of Kandy

Principality of Raigama

23x15px Kingdom of Jaffna

Supported by:

Zamorin of Calicut

Kingdom of Tanjore

Vanni chieftains

 Dutch East India Company (From 1638)

 Portuguese Empire

 Kingdom of Kotte

Stalemate
Battle of Khatoli
(1518)
Kingdom of Mewar 23x15px Delhi Sultanate Rajput victory
Battle of Gagron
(1519)
Rajput Confedracy Malwa Sultanate
Gujarat Sultanate
Rajput victory
Battle of Dholpur
(1519)
Rajput Confedracy 23x15px Delhi Sultanate Rajput victory
  • The boundaries of Rana Sanga's military influence came to extend within striking distance of Agra.
  • Chanderi bestowed to Medini Rai.
  • Part of Rana Sanga's conquests.
Battle of Gujarat (1520)
(1520)
Rajput Confedracy Gujarat Sultanate Rajput victory
  • Royal treasuries of Gujarat plundered by Rana Sanga
  • Idar given to Rao Rai Mal Rathore
  • Part of Rana Sanga's conquests.
Battle of Raichur
(20 May 1520)
Vijaynagar Empire Sultanate of Bijapur Vijaynagar victory
First Battle of Panipat
(1526)
23x15px Delhi Sultanate Emirate of Kabul Mughal victory
  • Delhi Sultanate annexed by Mughals
  • Foundation of the Mughal Empire
Siege of Calicut (1526) Zamorin of Calicut  Portuguese Empire Zamorin victory
Battle of Bayana
(21 February 1527)
Rajput Confedracy Mughal Empire
  • Afghans
Rajput victory
Battle of Khanwa
(16 March 1527)
Rajput Confederacy Mughal Empire Mughal victory
  • Mughal rule established in North India by Babur and Agra became centre of their power from Kabul.
Battle of Ghaghra
(1529)
Mughal Empire 23x15px Sultanate of Bengal Mughal victory
  • Bihar annexed by the Mughals
Battle of Kannauj
(1540)
Mughal Empire Sur Empire Sur victory
Battle of Sammel
(1544)
Kingdom of Marwar Sur Empire Sur victory
  • Bikaner and Merta became independent from Marwar
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)[5] 20x20px Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam)

Supported by:

 Portuguese Empire

23x15px Toungoo dynasty (Burma) Siam Victory
Battle of Sirhind (1555) Sur Empire Mughal Empire Mughal victory
  • Re-Establishment of Mughal Empire By Humayun
Second Battle of Panipat
(1556)
Hemchandra Vikramaditya Mughal Empire Mughal victory
Battle of Tughlaqabad
(7 October 1556)
Hem Chandra Vikramaditya Mughal Empire Hem Chandra victory
  • Hem Chandra annexed mostly Mughals or Sur Empire's region and established a strong Hindu Empire
  • Part of 22 battles fought by Hemu
Battle of Talikota
(23 January 1565)
Vijaynagar Empire Deccan Sultanates Deccan Sultanates victory
  • Vijayanagara was destroyed or looted by Muslim armies.
  • Penukonda became second capital of Vijaynagar Empire.
Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)
(23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568)
Kingdom of Mewar Mughal Empire Mughal victory
Siege of Ranthambore (1568)
(8 February 1568 – 21 March 1568)
Kingdom of Mewar Mughal Empire Mughal victory
  • Rajput leader Rai Surjan Hada surrenders Ranthambore Fort
War of the League of the Indies

(1570 – 1574)

Sultanate of Bijapur

23x23px Sultanate of Ahmadnagar

Zamorin of Calicut

Aceh Sultanate Sultanate of Aceh

Co-belligerents:

Princely states of the Kanara coast

Kalinyamat Sultanate

Sultanate of Ternate

Sultanate of Tidore

Sultanate of Golkonda

Mappila Muslims

 Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Mughal invasion of Bengal
(1572–1576)
Mughal Empire 23x15pxSultanate of Bengal Mughal victory
Battle of Haldighati
(18 June 1576)
Kingdom of Mewar Mughal Empire Inconclusive
Siege of Daman (1581) Mughal Empire  Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Battle of Dewair (1582)
(1582)
Kingdom of Mewar Mughal Empire Rajput victory
  • Result of war led to the automatic liquidation of all 36 Mughal military outposts in Mewar
Battle of Leitao Coast

(1586)

 Portuguese Empire Arab Niquilus Arab victory
Spanish-Portuguese conflict on China (1598–1600) Flag Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire Spain Spanish Empire Portuguese victory
Siege of Kottakkal

(1599–1600)

Flag Portugal (1578).svg Portuguese Empire

Kingdom of Calicut

Kunjali Marakkar forces Portuguese and Calicut victory
Dutch–Portuguese War

(1601–1661)

22x22px Kingdom of Portugal

Supported by:

 Dutch Republic

Supported by:

Indecisive
  • Formation of the Dutch Empire.
  • Both sides claim victory in India.
Battle of Dewair (1606)
(1606)
Kingdom of Mewar Mughal Empire Rajput victory
  • Amar Singh I led a hard-fought battle to defend his territory, and personally killed the Mughal commander Sultan Khan
  • Asaf Khan retreated from the battlefield.
Battle of Swally

(1612)

22x22px Kingdom of Portugal English East India Company British victory
Mughal expedition of Mewar
(1615)
Kingdom of Mewar Mughal Empire Mughal victory
Ahom–Mughal conflicts
(1615–1682)
Ahom insignia plain.svg Ahom kingdom Mughal Empire Ahom victory
  • Extension of Ahom influence to the Manas river
Battle of Toppur
(1616–17)
Imperial forces of Vijaynagar Empire
Nayaks of Tanjore
Second faction of Vijayanagara Empire
Nayaks of Gingee
Nayaks of Madurai
Pandyas of Tirunelveli
Kingdom of Travancore
Portuguese
Imperial Vijayanagara forces victory
  • It was the battle which cause the complete disintegration of the Vijayanagar Empire, which was reviving slowly.
Battle of Rohila (1621) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
  • 14,000 Mughal soldiers killed
  • Governor of Jalandhar killed
Mughal–Safavid war (1622–23)
(1622–1623)
Mughal Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Safavid victory
Spanish-Siam War

(1624–1636)[6][7][8]

Spain Iberian Union  Siam

Dutch Republic Dutch East India Company

Siam victory
Mombasa war

(1631–32)

 Portuguese Empire Mombasa Sultanate Portuguese Victory
Siege of Hooghly

(1632)

Mughal Empire  Portuguese Empire Mughal Victory
Battle of Amritsar (1634) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
  • Entire Mughal force killed
Battle of Lahira (1634) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
  • 35,000 Mughal soldiers killed
  • 100 taken prisoner
  • Governor of Kabul killed
Battle of Kartarpur
(1635)
30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
  • Guru Hargobind led Sikh army deafeated Mughals
  • Shah Jahan ends attacks on Sikh
  • 50,000-96,000 Mughals killed
Siege of Orchha (1635)
(1635)
Bundela Rajputs Mughal Empire Mughal Victory
Battle of Phagwara (1635) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
  • Mughals repulsed
Battle of Kiratpur (1638) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
Siege of Daman (1638–1639) Mughal Empire  Portuguese Empire Portuguese victory
Battle of Pipli[9]

(1640)

Mughal Empire  Denmark-Norway Mughal victory
Danish-Mughal War

(1642–1698)[9]

Mughal Empire  Denmark-Norway Stalemate
  • Danish initial victory at sea, but it's demmands were never accomplished by Mughals.
Mughal–Safavid war (1649–53)
(1649–1653)
Mughal Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Persian victory
  • Safavid/Persian re-annexation of Kandahar
Battle of Sutlej (1653) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
  • Mughal repulsed
Invasions of Kiratpur (1658) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
  • No Sikh soldiers killed
  • 3 Mughal Generals killed
Mughal conquest of Chittagong
(1665–1666)
Mughal Empire Kingdom of Mrauk U Mughal victory
  • Mughal annexation of southeastern Bengal
Dutch-Zamorin Conflicts

(1666–1758)

Zamorin

 United Kingdom

Portugal Portuguese Empire[11][lower-alpha 1]

 Dutch Republic Dutch victory
Rajput War (1679–1707)
(1679–1707)
Kingdom of Marwar
Kingdom of Mewar
Mughal Empire Rajput victory
  • Aurangzeb was unable to gain any lasting success
Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684
(1679–1684)
Ladakh
Mughal Empire
Tibet
Zungar Empire
Mughal military victory
  • Mughal withdrawal after signing a treaty with the Ladakhis
  • Tibetan victory in another attack in 1684 with the assistance of reinforcements from the Zungar Empire
  • Treaty of Tingmosgang
Deccan Wars
(1681–1707)
 Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Inconclusive
Maratha–Portuguese War

(1683–1684)

 Maratha Empire

 Portuguese Empire

Stalemate
Siege of Bijapur
(1685–1686)
  Bijapur Sultanate
 Maratha Empire
Mughal Empire Mughal victory
  • Mughal Empire annexes Bijapur State
Anglo-Mughal War
(1686–1690)
Mughal Empire Template:Country data East India Company Mughal victory
  • British conclusion of peace with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1689
Siege of Golconda
(1687)
Mughal Empire Golconda Sultanate Mughal victory
  • Mughal Empire annexes Golconda
Battle of Bhangani (1688) 30x30pxSikhs Alliance of 16 Hill States, including:
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Kahlur

25x25px Garhwal

Flag of Kangra state.png Kangra

Guler

Hindur

Siba

Jaswan

Sikh victory
Battle of Nadaun (1691)
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Bilaspur State

25x25px Akal Sena (Sikhs)

Alam of the Mughal Empire.svgMughal Empire

Flag of Kangra state.png Kangra State

Bijarwal State

Sikh victory
Mughal–Portuguese War

(1692–1693)

Flag of the Mughal Empire.png Mughal Empire

 Portuguese Empire

Portuguese Victory
Omani–Portuguese conflict (1696–1714)

 Portuguese Empire

25x25px Omani Empire Indecisive
Battle of Guler (1696) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire Sikh victory
Battle of Anandpur (1699) 30x30pxSikhs Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) Sikh victory
Battle of Anandpur (1700) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire

Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas)

Sikh victory
First siege of Anandpur (1700) 30x30pxSikhs Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas), Ranghars, and Gujars Sikh victory
  • Sikhs hold off attacking forces
  • 150,000+ of the coalition force killed
  • Sikh suffer minor casualties
  • Sikh leave Anandpur
Second siege of Anandpur (1704) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire

Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas)

Peace Treaty
  • Mughals and Hill Rajas taken an oath to never attack the Sikh if they abandon Anandpur
  • Mughals and Hill Rajas break oath
Battle of Chamkaur (1704) 30x30pxSikhs Mughal Empire

Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas)

Mughal and Hill Raja Victory
  • Fail to capture Guru Gobind Singh
  • Mughal and Hill Rajas suffer heavy casualties
Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710
(1708–1710)
Kingdom of Marwar
Kingdom of Mewar
23x15px Kingdom of Amber
Mughal Empire Rajput victory
  • Mughal emperor sued for peace
  • Restoration of the Rajput holdings which had been annexed by the previous Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Maratha–Portuguese War

(1725–1726)[12]

Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Maratha Confederacy

 Portuguese Empire

Inconclusive
  • Peace of Bassein
Maratha–Portuguese War

(1729–1732)

Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Maratha Confederacy

 Portuguese Empire

Supported by:

Portuguese Victory
Novas Conquistas (1729–1789)  Kingdom of Mysore
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Maratha Empire
Portugal Portuguese Empire

Supported by: Rajahnate of Soonda Kingdom of Sawantwadi

Portuguese Victory
Nadir Shah's invasion of India
(1738–1739)
Mughal Empire Nadir Shah Flag.svg Afsharid dynasty Persian victory
  • Persian occupation and plundering of Delhi
Travancore–Dutch War
(incl. Battle of Colachel (Kulachal) 10 August 1741

(1739–1753)
Travancore Dutch RepublicDutch Empire Travancore victory
  • Dutch colonization halted in Travancore
Battle of Vasai
(1739)
 Maratha Empire Flag Portugal (1707).svg Portuguese Empire Maratha victory
Battle of Karnal
(1739–February 13, 1739)
Mughal Empire Nadir Shah Flag.svg Persian Afsharid Empire Persian victory
Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)
(1741)
 Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Maratha victory
Expeditions in Bengal
(1741–1748)
 Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Peace treaty
  • Maratha annexation of the territory up to the river Suvarnarekha from Bengal
First Carnatic War

(1744–1748)

Mughal Empire

20x20px Nizam of Hyderabad

Kingdom of France Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Great Britain
Status quo ante bellum
Second Carnatic War

(1749–1754)

Kingdom of France Kingdom of France

Mughal Empire

23x15pxKingdom of Mysore

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Nawab of Arcot (Chanda Sahib)

Hyderabad State (Muzaffar Jang Hidayat)

Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Great Britain

 Maratha Empire

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Nawab of Arcot (Wallajah)

Hyderabad State (Nasir Jung)

Stalemate
Naval Battle of Calicut

(1752)

 Maratha Empire Flag Portugal (1707).svg Portuguese Empire Maratha victory
Seven Years' War
(1754–1763)
 France

Austria Austria
Russian Empire Russia (until 1762)
Spain Spanish Empire (from 1761)
Sweden Sweden (1757–62)
 Saxony
Mughal Empire (from 1757)

 Prussia

 Great Britain
Province of Hanover Hanover
25px Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg Iroquois Confederacy

Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
Portugal (from 1761)

Flag of Hesse.svg Hesse-Kassel
Flagge Fürstentum Schaumburg-Lippe.svg Schaumburg-Lippe

Status quo ante in Europe, but transfer of colonial possessions between Britain, France and Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1763).
  • French cession of New France (excluding Louisiana) to Britain and recognition of British supremacy in Bengal
  • Spanish cession of Florida to Britain
  • French cession of Louisiana to Spain
  • British cession of Cuba and Manila (Philippine Islands) to Spain
  • Britain restored the Indian factories to France, but forbade French traders from administering them
  • France recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states and pledged not to send troops to Bengal.
Maratha conquest of North-west India
(1757–1758)
 Maratha Empire Durrani Empire Peace treaty
Battle of Plassey
(1757)
Template:Country data East India Company 23x15px Nawab of Bengal
Royal Standard of the King of France.svg French East India Company
Company victory
  • British annexation of Bengal
Afghan-Maratha War
(1758–1761)
Maratha Empire
23x15pxSikh confederacy
23x15pxDurrani Empire
23x15pxRohilkhand
Durrani victory
Third Battle of Panipat
(1761)
 Maratha Empire Durrani Empire Durrani victory
  • Sadashiv Bahu led Maratha forces defeated by Ahmad shah abdali
Battle of Buxar
(1764)
Template:Country data East India Company Mughal Empire Company victory
First Anglo-Mysore War
(1767–1769)
Template:Country data East India Company
 Maratha Empire
Nawab of the Carnatic
25px Hyderabad
 Mysore Mysore victory
First Anglo-Maratha War
(1775–1782)
 Maratha Empire Template:Country data East India Company Maratha victory
Second Anglo-Mysore War
(1780–1784)
 Mysore Template:Country data East India Company
 Maratha Empire
Status quo ante bellum
Maratha-Mysore War
(1785–1787)
 Maratha Empire  Mysore Maratha victory
  • Treaty of Gajendragad
Third Anglo-Mysore War
(1789–1792)
Template:Country data East India Company
 Maratha Empire
25px Hyderabad
Travancore
 Mysore Diplomatic support:  France[13] Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
(1798–1799)
Template:Country data East India Company
 Maratha Empire
25px Hyderabad
Travancore
 Mysore Diplomatic support:  France[13] Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory
Second Anglo-Maratha War
(1803–1805)
 Maratha Empire Template:Country data East India Company British victory
Battle of Vizagapatam
(1804)
Template:Country data East India Company
 United Kingdom
 France French victory
Anglo-Nepalese War
(1814–1816)
Template:Country data East India Company
23x15px Garhwal Kingdom
Patiala State
Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
Kingdom of Sikkim
Flag of Nepal (19th century-1962).svg Nepal Company victory
Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus
(1815)
Template:Country data East India Company United States United States American victory
  • Capture of Nautilus by American forces
Third Anglo-Maratha War
(1817–1818)
 Maratha Empire Template:Country data East India Company British victory
First Anglo-Burmese War
(1824–1826)
Template:Country data East India Company Flag of the Alaungpaya Dynasty of Myanmar.svg Burmese Empire Company victory
Siege of Herat

(1837–1838)

Flag of Herat until 1842.svg Emirate of Herat

Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg East India Company

Supported by:

 British Empire

Aimaq tribesmen

Maimana Khanate

Andkhui Khanate

Sheberghan Khanate

Sar-i Pul Khanate

Flag of the Emirate of Bukhara.svg Bukhara Emirate

23x15px Khiva Khanate[14]

Mohammad Shah Qajar Flag.svg Qajar Iran

Supported by:

 Russian Empire

Principality of Qandahar

Company victory
First Anglo-Afghan War
(1839–1842)
Template:Country data East India Company 25px Emirate of Afghanistan Afghan victory
First Opium War
(1839–1842)
 Great Britain  Qing dynasty Company victory
First Anglo-Sikh War
(1845–1846)
25pxSikh Empire Template:Country data East India Company
 Patiala
Company victory
Second Anglo-Sikh War
(1848–1849)
25pxSikh Empire Template:Country data East India Company Company victory
Second Anglo-Burmese War
(1852)
Template:Country data East India Company Flag of the Alaungpaya Dynasty of Myanmar.svg Burmese Empire Company victory
Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857)
United Kingdom United Kingdom

Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg Afghanistan

Amir Kabir Flag.svg Iran Company victory
Indian Rebellion of 1857
(1857–1858)
Mughal Empire
Oudh
Forces of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi
Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa II
Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains
Template:Country data East India Company
 United Kingdom
23x15px Nepal
Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains
Company victory
  • Suppression of the rebellions
  • End of the Mughal Empire and Company rule in India
  • Establishment of Crown rule in India (British Raj)

Modern India (c. 1850s to 1947 AD)

Wars involving British Indian Empire

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India company came to end and the British crown began to rule over India directly as per the Government of India Act 1858. India was now a single empire comprising British India and the princely states.

Name of conflict India
and allies
Opponents Outcome
Second Opium War
(1856–1860)
United Kingdom British Empire

French Empire

 China Victory
Ambela Campaign
(1863–1864)
 India Afghan Pashtuns
Defeat
  • Failure to subdue Afghan tribal area
  • Forced British withdrawal from Buner
Bhutan War
(1864–1865)
 India Bhutan Victory
  • Bhutanese territorial cessions to India.
British Expedition to Abyssinia
(1867–1868)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopian Empire Victory
  • British victory at the Battle of Magdala, Theodore II commits suicide.
Second Anglo-Afghan War
(1878–1880)
United Kingdom United Kingdom 25px Afghanistan Victory
  • Treaty of Gandamak, British objectives attained.
  • Afghanistan's tribal frontier areas annexed into British India.
  • Afghanistan becomes a British Protectorate.
Mahdist War
(1881–1899)
Flag of Congo Free State.svg Congo Free State
United Kingdom United Kingdom

Egypt Egypt
Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopia

25px Mahdist Sudan Victory
Anglo-Egyptian War
(1882)
United Kingdom United Kingdom

Flag of Egypt (1882-1922).svg Tewfik Pasha

Flag of Egypt (1882-1922).svg Ahmed Orabi Victory
Third Anglo-Burmese War
(1885)
 India Flag of the Alaungpaya Dynasty of Myanmar.svg Burmese Empire Victory
  • The province of Burma became part of India.
Third Black Mountain Expedition
(1888)
 India Yousafzai Victory
  • Allaiwal village of Pokal occupied and destroyed.
Sikkim Expedition
(1888)
 India Tibet Tibet Victory
  • Tibetan forces expelled from Sikkim.
Hunza-Nagar Campaign
(1891)
 India Hunza
Nagar
Victory
Chitral Expedition
(1895)
 India Chitralis Bajouri and Afghan Tribesmen Victory
  • Fort of Chitral relieved.
Anglo-Zanzibar War
(1896)
 British Empire Zanzibar Sultanate Victory
Tochi Expedition
(1896)
 India Waziri Victory
  • Rebellion put down.
Siege of Malakand
(1897)
 India پشتون Pashtun tribes Victory
  • Rebellion defeated
First Mohmand Campaign
(1897–1898)
 India Mohmand Victory
Tirah Campaign
(1897–1898)
 India Afridi
Orakzai
Tsamkani
Victory
  • Negotiations for peace were then begun with the Afridis.
Boxer Rebellion
(1899–1901)
Empire of Japan Empire of Japan
Russian Empire Russia
British Empire United Kingdom

France France
 United States
German Empire Germany
 Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy Italy

Yihetuan Movement
 China
Victory
  • The rebellion was suppressed.
  • Signing of the Boxer Protocol.
  • Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing.
Second Boer War
(1899–1902)
 United Kingdom  Orange Free State
 South African Republic
Victory
British expedition to Tibet
(1903–1904)
 India  Tibet Victory
Bambatha Rebellion
(1906)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Zulu people Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
Bazar Valley Campaign
(1908)
 India Zakka Khel clan of the Afridi Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
World War I
(1914–1918)
 France
British Empire United Kingdom Russia Russia
 Italy
 United States
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Belgium
 Japan
 Romania
 Portugal
Hejaz
Republic of China (1912–49) China
 Greece
25px Brazil
Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
Kingdom of Nepal
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
Victory
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)
Russian Empire White Movement
United Kingdom British Empire

 Japan
 Czechoslovakia
 Greece
 Poland
 United States
France France
 Romania
 Serbia
 Italy
Republic of China (1912–49) China

 Russian SFSR
 Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
23x15px Commune of Estonia
Mongolian communists
Withdrawal
  • Allied withdrawal from Russia.
  • Bolshevik victory over White Army.
Turkish War of Independence
(1919–1923)
 Greece

French Third Republic France

Armenia Armenia
United Kingdom United Kingdom

Ottoman Empire Istanbul Government

Kingdom of Italy Italy
Georgia

Ankara Government

Kuva-yi Milliye

Defeat[15]
Third Anglo-Afghan War
(1919)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg Afghanistan Armistice
  • Treaty of Rawalpindi
  • Afghan invasion repelled.
  • Afghanistan regains control of external affairs.
  • Reaffirmation of the Durand Line.
First Waziristan Campaign
(1919)
 India Flag of Waziristan resistance (1930s).svg Waziristan Victory
  • Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
Kuwait–Najd War
(1919–1920)
British Empire United Kingdom

23px Kuwait

Flag of the Second Saudi State.svg Sultanate of Nejd Victory
  • Ikhawan retreat.
Iraqi revolt
(1920)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Iraqi rebels Victory
Malabar rebellion
(1921)
 India Mappila Muslims Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed.
Pink's War
(1925)
 India Mahsud tribesmen Victory
  • Tribal leaders accept terms.
Second Mohmand Campaign
(1935)
 India Mohmand Victory
Second Waziristan Campaign
(1936–1939)
 India Flag of Waziristan resistance (1930s).svg Waziri tribesmen Victory
  • Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
World War II
(1939–1945)
 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
France France
 Free France
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Poland
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
Flag of Spain (1931 - 1939).svg Republican Spain
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Denmark
 Norway
 Czechoslovakia
Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
FTM
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 British Ceylon
25px British Burma
Flag of Egypt (1922–1958).svg Egypt
Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
Sudan
25px Nigeria
 South Africa
Philippines Philippines
Ethiopian Empire Ethiopia
25px Brazil
 Mexico
 Colombia
25px Cuba
 Chile
 Peru
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolia
25px Tuva
Flag of North Vietnam (1945-1955).svg Viet Minh
Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
KLA
Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
Kingdom of Nepal
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
25px Vichy France
 Romania
Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46) Hungary
 Bulgaria
Slovakia
Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg Bohemia and Moravia
 Croatia
 Finland
 Francoist Spain
25px Kingdom of Albania
Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg German Albania
Thailand
 Iraq
1931 Flag of India.svg Azad Hind
25px Japanese Burma
 Manchukuo
 Mengjiang
Victory
Western Desert Campaign
(1940–1943)
 United Kingdom

 Australia
 New Zealand
Flag of Egypt (1922–1958).svg Egypt
 South Africa
 Free France
Poland
Greece
Czechoslovakia

 Italy

Supported by:
 Germany

Victory
  • Allied Victory
East African Campaign
(1940–1943)
 United Kingdom

 Belgium

 Ethiopia
 Free France

 Italy

Supported by:
 Germany

Victory
  • Collapse of Italian East Africa
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

(1941)

 Soviet Union

United Kingdom United Kingdom

State Flag of Iran (1964-1980).svg Iran Victory
Indonesian National Revolution
(1945–1947)
Netherlands Netherlands
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Indonesia Indonesia *British Indian withdrawal after Indian independence in 1947.
  • Independent India's entry into the revolution.
  • The Netherlands recognises Indonesian independence.
Operation Masterdom
(1945–1946)
United Kingdom United Kingdom

France France
Japan Japan

Flag of North Vietnam (1945-1955).svg Viet Minh Victory

Independent India (c. 1947–present)

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Wars involving the Union and Republic of India

In 1947, the British Indian Empire split into the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India. The Indian Army, the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Indian Navy too, were divided between the two countries. In 1950, the Union of India became the Republic of India after abolishing monarchy.

      Indian defeat
      Indian victory
      Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
      Ongoing conflict
Name of conflict India
and allies
Opponents Outcome
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
(1947–1948)
 India  Pakistan
Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg Furqan Force
Ceasefire
Integration of Junagadh
(1947)
 India 25px Junagadh Victory
  • Annexation of Junagadh into India
Operation Polo
(1948)
 India 25px Hyderabad Victory
  • Annexation of Hyderabad into India
Korean War
(1950–1953)
 South Korea

United Nations
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Turkey
 Australia
Template:Country data Third Philippine Republic
 New Zealand
 Thailand
 Ethiopia
 Greece
 France
 Colombia
 Belgium
 South Africa
 Netherlands
 Luxembourg Supported by:

 North Korea


 China
 Soviet Union Supported by:

Stalemate
  • Formation of the DMZ
Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(1954)
 India Portugal Portugal Victory
Congo Crisis
(1960–1964)
1960–63:

Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo


Supported by:
 Soviet Union (1960)
United Nations ONUC[lower-alpha 2]

1960–63:

 Katanga
 South Kasai
Supported by:
 Belgium[lower-alpha 3]


1960–62:
Democratic Republic of the Congo Stanleyville government
Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Victory
Annexation of Goa
(1961)
 India Portugal Portugal Victory
Sino-Indian War of 1962
(1962)
 India  China Defeat
Insurgency in Northeast India
(1964–)
 India
 Bhutan (joined in 2003)
 Bangladesh (joined in 1971)

 Myanmar (joined in 2018)

In tpdf.gif ATTF

25px BLTF
File:Harakat flag.png HuM
KLNLF
KLO-flag.jpg KLO
Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg NDFB
In nagaland.png NSCN
PLA
25px ULFA
UNLF
and others...

Ongoing
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
(1965)
 India  Pakistan Inconclusive
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
(1967–)
 India <templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"/> Ongoing
Nathu La and Cho La clashes
(1967)
 India  China Victory
Bangladesh Liberation War
(incl. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971)

(1971)
 India
Bangladesh Bangladesh

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[20][21]

 Pakistan

Supported by:
 United States[22][23]
 United Kingdom[24]
 China[24]
23x15px Iran[25][26]
 Ceylon[27][28][29][30]
 Saudi Arabia[31]

Victory
The First JVP insurrection
(1971)
Dominion of Ceylon Ceylon

Australia Australia
Egypt Egypt
India India
Pakistan Pakistan
Singapore Singapore
Soviet Union Soviet Union
United Kingdom United Kingdom
United States United States
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
China China

23x15px JVP

Supported by:
 North Korea (alleged)
Ba'athist Iraq ASBPI
South Asian Communist Banner.svg CCP (Maoist) (alleged)

Victory
  • Rebel forces surrender
  • Ceylonese government reestablishes control over entire island
Siachen conflict
(1984–2003)
 India  Pakistan Victory
Operation Blue Star (1984)  India

Supported by:
 United Kingdom

 Soviet Union

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Sikh militants
Victory
  • Indian forces suffer high casualties
Insurgency in Punjab (1984–1995)  India

Supported by:
 United Kingdom

 Soviet Union

Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
Sikh militants

Supported by:
 Pakistan

Victory
  • Militancy defeated
Operation Flowers are Blooming
(1986)
 India
 Seychelles
Flag of Seychelles.svg Military of Seychelles Victory
  • Aversion of the coup
  • Resignation of Berlouis
The Second JVP insurrection
(1987–1989)
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
India India
 United States
 United Kingdom

Military support:

23x15px JVP
Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya
IUSF

Supported by:

  •  Soviet Union
  •  North Korea
  •  Cuba
  • Ba'athist Iraq ASBPI
  • Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
    PLOTE (until 1988)
  • Error creating thumbnail: sh: /usr/local/bin/rsvg-convert: not found
    SLFP
Victory
  • Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces of Sri Lanka lifted
  • Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc
Sri Lankan Civil War
(1987–1990)
 India
 Sri Lanka
23x15px Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Withdrawal
Operation Cactus
(1988)
 India
Maldives Maldives
Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg PLOTE
Maldives Maldivian rebels
Victory
  • Restoration of government rule in Maldives
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
(1989–)
 India Flag of Jihad.svg Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami

Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg Jaish-e-Mohammed
File:Harakat flag.png Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
22px Al-Badr
Kashmir independent.svg Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front


Supported by:
 Pakistan[32]
Afghanistan Taliban[33]
Flag of al-Qaeda.svg al-Qaeda[33]

Ongoing
Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) United Nations UNMOT

Non-UNMOT:

Flag of Jihad.svg United Tajik Opposition
Afghanistan Taliban
Victory
United Nations Operation in Somalia II
(1993–1995)

(Part of the Somali Civil War)
(1991–)

United Nations UNOSOM II Somalia Somali National Alliance Inconclusive/Other Result
Kargil War
(1999)
 India  Pakistan

Victory

Operation Ocean Shield
(2009–2016)
 NATO

Non-NATO:

Pirates

Victory

  • Number of Somali pirate attacks have been reduced dramatically.

See also

Notes

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References

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  1. Strabo, Geography, xv.2.9
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  4. Barros (p. 140)
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  12. Lobato, 1965, p.100.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Franco-Indian Alliances
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  15. Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the world: a global guide to citizens' rights and responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
  16. http://www.asianage.com/debate/age-debate-after-tripura-it-time-revoke-afspa-jammu-and-kashmir-922[bare URL]
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  19. Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam. Atimes.com (2010-04-22). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
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