List of major/minor compositions

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"Major/minor" redirects here. For the 2011 album by the American rock band Thrice, see Major/Minor (album). For information on major/minor tonality, see Major and minor.

Major/minor compositions are musical compositions that begin in a major key and end in a minor key (generally the parallel minor), specifying the keynote (as C major/minor). This is an unusual form in tonal music; there are far fewer major/minor compositions than minor/major ones (the latter category of which includes, but is not limited to, all minor-key works that end with a Picardy third, as well as many Classical- and Romantic-period symphonies, concertos, sonatas and chamber works, as well as individual movements thereof.)

The major/minor compositions in the following lists do not necessarily end with a minor chord; a final passage in minor ending with a sonority that fails to re-establish the major mode (for example, an open octave or fifth) is sufficient. However, any compositions that would be major/minor but for a final Picardy third, such as Bach's Cantata BWV 40, are excluded.

Major/minor compositions retaining the keynote

Single works and miniatures

  • Alkan - Chant d'amour - Chant de mort, Op. 35 No. 10 (G♭-f♯)[1]
  • Alkan - Esquisse Op. 63 No. 7 "Le frisson" (F♯)[2]
  • Alkan - Prière Op. 64 No. 10 (B♭)
  • Bax - The Devil that Tempted St. Anthony (F)
  • Brahms - Jägerlied Op. 66/4 (C)
  • Brahms - Rhapsody Op. 119 No. 4 in E♭[3]
  • Busoni - Sonatina No. 6 in A, BV 284
  • Chopin - Nocturne Op. 32 No. 1 in B[4] (ending sometimes changed to major)
  • Fibich - Malířské Studie (Studies on Painters), No. 2, Spor Masopustu s Postem (The Fight Between Carnival and Lent) in C
  • Franck - Fantaisie in A, from Trois Pièces for organ (1878) (A)
  • Fuchs - Andante grazio and Capriccio Op. 63 (A)
  • Heidrich - Variations on "Happy Birthday" (C)
  • Lalo - Fantaisie norvégienne in A
  • Lecuona - La 32, No. 6 of Siete Danzas Cubanas Tipicas (G♭-f♯)
  • Mendelssohn - Andante Cantabile e Presto Agitato in B[5]
  • Mendelssohn - Capriccio brillante for piano and orchestra in B, Op. 22 [6]
  • Mendelssohn - Capriccio in E, Op. 118 (1837) [5]
  • Mendelssohn - Characteristic Piece Op. 7 No. 7 in E (a "reverse Picardy third")[7]
  • Mendelssohn - Rondo Capriccioso in E, Op. 14[5][8]
  • Purcell - Awake, ye dead, Z. 182 (C)
  • Purcell - The earth trembled, Z. 197 (A)[9]
  • Purcell - Love arms himself in Celia's eyes, Z. 392 (C)[10]
  • Purcell - Oh! fair Cedaria, Z. 402 (C)
  • Purcell - This poet sings the Trojan wars (Anacreon's defeat), Z. 423 (C)
  • Rachmaninoff - K Djétjam (To the Children), Op. 26 No. 7, from "Fifteen Romances" of Op.26 (F)
  • Reicha - L'Art de Varier, Op. 57 (F)[11]
  • Reicha - Fugue, Op. 36 No. 32 (E♭)
  • Satie - Gymnopédie No. 1 (D)[12]
  • A. Scarlatti - "Se Florindo e fedele" (A♭) (ends on an open octave in an A♭ minor context)
  • D. Scarlatti - Keyboard Sonata K. 63 (L. 84) in G ("Capriccio") (ending sometimes changed to major)
  • D. Scarlatti - Keyboard Sonata K. 107 (L. 474) in F[13]
  • D. Scarlatti - Keyboard Sonata K. 140 (L. 107) in D[14]:165
  • D. Scarlatti - Keyboard Sonata K. 182 (L. 139) in A
  • D. Scarlatti - Keyboard Sonata K. 206 (L. 257) in E
  • D. Scarlatti - Keyboard Sonata K. 297 (L.S. 19) in F[14]:166
  • Scriabin - Mazurka in F (1889)
  • Schubert - Impromptu Op. 90 No. 2 in E♭[15]
  • Schubert - Moment Musical No. 6 in A♭ (ends on an open octave in an A♭ minor context)[16]
  • Schubert - Tränenregen (No. 10 of Die Schöne Müllerin) (A)[17]
  • Schubert - Die böse Farbe (No. 17 of Die Schöne Müllerin) (B)[18]
  • Schubert - Frühlingstraum (No. 11 of Winterreise) (A)[19]
  • R. Schumann - No. 17 of Davidsbündlertänze, Opus 6 (B)[20]
  • C. Schumann - Romance, op. 5 no. 3 (B)[21]
  • Sibelius - Impromptu, Opus 5 No. 6 in E
  • Sibelius - Valse triste, op. 44 no. 1 (G)
  • Soler - Keyboard Sonata R. 6 in F
  • Strauss - Don Juan, Op. 20 (E)[22]
  • Tchaikovsky - To Forget So Soon, TH 94 (F)[23]
  • Tchaikovsky - Valse-Scherzo Op. 7 in A

Movements from larger works

Multi-movement works

Borderline examples

  • Beethoven - Piano Quartet No. 1 in E♭ WoO 36, I and II (E♭)[32] (although two separate movements, they are sometimes played as a pair)
  • Beethoven - Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, i and ii (although two separate movements, they are often played as a pair)
  • Borodin - Symphony No. 2 in B minor, I (The major key is not established at the beginning, but the major third is sounded before the minor)
  • Meyerbeer - L'Africaine, Recitative and aria ("O Paradis sorti de l'onde"-"Conduisez-moi vers ce navire"), Act IV (G♭-f♯) (technically two separate numbers that flow into each other and are often grouped together)
  • Schubert - Piano Sonata in C, D. 840 "Reliquie" (if only the two complete movements are presented, which is what most performers do)

Major/minor works changing the keynote

  • Albéniz - Córdoba, No. 4 of Cantos de España, Opus 232 (F-d)
  • Alkan - Grande Sonata, op. 33 (D-g♯)
  • Alkan - Prière, Op. 66 No. 7 (C-a)
  • Beethoven - Cello Sonata No. 4 in C, Op. 102 No. 1, i (C-a)[45]
  • Beethoven - String Quartet in e, Op. 59 No. 2 (Rasoumovsky Quartet No. 2), iv (C-e)[46]
  • Bernstein - Chichester Psalms (B♭-g)
  • Berlioz - Requiem (Grande Messe des Morts), Op. 5, viii, Hostias (G-b♭)
  • Bizet - Carmen - Seguidilla (F♯-b)
  • Brahms - Du mein einzig Licht, WoO 33 No. 37 (A-f♯)
  • Brahms - Vom Strande, Op. 69 No. 6 (F-a)
  • Chausson - Poème de l'amour et de la mer (G-d)
  • Chausson - Poème de l'amour et de la mer, ii (actually the third movement, counting an unnumbered interlude) (E-d)
  • Chopin - Ballade No. 2 (F-a)
  • Couperin - Ordre 25ème de clavecin (E♭-c)
  • Debussy - Suite bergamasque (F-f♯)
  • Dvořák - The Noon Witch (C-a)
  • Enescu - Cantabile e Presto for flute and piano, 1904 (E♭-g)
  • Enescu - Nocturne e Saltarello for cello and piano, 1897 (F-a)
  • Fuchs - Serenade in D Op. 9, ii (B♭-g)
  • Handel - Belshazzar, Chorus of Babylonians: "Ye tutelar gods of our empire, look down" (G-e)
  • Handel - Concerto Grosso Op. 3 No. 1 (B♭-g)
  • Handel - Suite for Harpsichord No. 2 in F, HWV 427, i (F-a)
  • Haydn - String Quartet Op. 103 (B♭-d)
  • Miriam Hyde - "Marsh Birds" for Flute and Piano (D-b)
  • Lalo - Rapsodie norvégienne (A-d)
  • Massenet - Piano Concerto (E♭-c)
  • Mozart - Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio), Aria, "Solche Hergelauf'ne Laffen" (F-a)
  • Mozart (completed by Süssmayr) - Requiem, VII. Communio (B♭-d) (ends on an open fifth in a D minor context)
  • Mozart - Preludes and Fugues K. 404, v (E♭-c)
  • Mussorgsky (completed by Stravinsky) - Khovanshchina (E-g♯)
  • Poulenc - Piano Sextet, ii (D♭-a♭)
  • Poulenc - Trio pour piano hautbois et basson, ii (B♭-f)
  • Satie - Gnossiennes Nos. 5 (G-e) and 6 (F-c)
  • Bizet - Symphony in C major, II (F-a)
  • Schubert - Die Nonne, D. 212 (A♭-f)
  • Schubert - Grablied, D. 218 (A♭-f)
  • Schubert - Erster Verlust, D. 226 (A♭-f)
  • Schubert - Ritter Toggenburg, D. 397 (F-b♭)
  • Schubert - Der Herbstabend, D. 405 (A♭-f)
  • Schubert - Klage an den Mond, D. 436 (F-d)[47]
  • Schubert - Edone, D. 445 (E♭-c)
  • Schubert - Liedesend, D. 473 (E♭-e, both versions)
  • Schubert - Didone Abbandonata, D. 510 (E♭-f)
  • Schubert - Auf der Donau, D. 553 (Op. 21 No. 1) (E♭-f♯)[48]
  • Schubert - Der Pilgrim, D. 794 (Op. 37 No. 1) (D-b, originally E-c♯)
  • Schumann - Réplique, No. 8 of Carnaval (B♭-g)[49]
  • Schumann - No. 16 of Davidsbündlertänze (G-b)
  • Schumann - Kreisleriana, No. 4 (B♭-d) (first edition only)
  • Smetana - The Bartered Bride, Aria, "Kdybych se co takového" (B♭-g)
  • Tchaikovsky - The Sleeping Beauty - Finale and Apotheosis (D-g)
  • Vaughan Williams - Three Shakespeare Songs, "The Cloud Capp'd Towers" (reverse Picardy) (D-f)

Borderline examples

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Alkan Society, Bulletin 32: April 1987
  2. ↑ Alkan: Esquisses Op 63 - Hyperion Records
  3. ↑ Hindson, Maurice. Brahms - The Shorter Piano Works. Alfred Music Publishing Co. (1992), p. 10.
  4. ↑ Huneker, James. Chopin: The Man and His Music, Courier Corporation (1960), p. 146.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Waltons Music: Mendelssohn Rondo Cappricioso in E major, Op. 14 (Piano)
  6. ↑ CHAN 2025: An Introduction to Felix Mendelssohn
  7. ↑ Todd, R. Larry. "Piano Music Reformed: Mendelssohn". Nineteenth-Century Piano Music, ed. Todd, R. Larry, Routledge (2004), p. 191.
  8. ↑ Du Bose, Joseph. Rondo capriccioso, in E Major, Op. 14 Yakov Flier.
  9. ↑ Purcell, Harmonia Sacra, Rosemary Joshua - eClassical
  10. ↑ Hyperion Records - Love arms himself in Celia's eyes, Z392
  11. ↑ International Piano Quarterly Volumes 5-6, Gramophone Publications (2001), p. 44.
  12. ↑ Satie - Gymnopedie No. 1 | Classical Piano Pieces
  13. ↑ Scarlatti: Complete Keyboard Sonatas - Warner Classics, p. 7.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Marshall, Robert. "Domenico Scarlatti". Eighteenth-Century Keyboard Music, Routledge (2004).
  15. ↑ BBC Music Magazine: Schubert Moments Musicaux D780
  16. ↑ Franz Peter Schubert - Moments Musicaux , D. 780
  17. ↑ Wollenberg, Susan. Schubert's Fingerprints: Studies in the Instrumental Works, Ashgate Publishing Ltd (2011), p. 24.
  18. ↑ Damschroder, David. Harmony in Schubert, Cambridge University Press (2010), p. 104.
  19. ↑ Howell, Cory. Schubert's Winterreise Song Cycle, p. 10.
  20. ↑ Hatten, Robert. Performing Expressive Closure in Structurally Open Contexts: Chopin’s Prelude in A minor and the Last Two Dances of Schumann’s Davidsbündlertänze
  21. ↑ Cooper, Imogen. Chandos - Imogen Cooper - CHAN 10841
  22. ↑ BBC - Proms - Programme note Strauss - Don Juan
  23. ↑ Osborne, Charles. The Concert Song Companion: A Guide to the Classical Repertoire, A Da Capo (1985).
  24. ↑ Wigmore, Richard. Beethoven: The Complete Music for Piano Trio, The Florestan Trio - Hyperion Records
  25. ↑ Spitzer, Michael. Music as Philosophy: Adorno and Beethoven's Late Style, Indiana University Press (2006), p. 136.
  26. ↑ Chausson, E.: Concert for Violin, Piano and String Quartet / Piano Trio (Meadowmount Trio, Wihan String Quartet) - Naxos
  27. ↑ Hicks, Anthony. "Late Additions to Handel's Oratorios". Music in Eighteenth-Century England: Essays in Memory of Charles Cudworth, ed. Hogwood, Christopher and Richard Luckett, Cambridge University Press (1983), p. 150.
  28. ↑ Kreuger, Stephen. Handel's Messiah Untold
  29. ↑ Deruchie, Andrew. The French Symphony at the Fin de Siècle: Style, Culture, and the Symphonic Tradition, Boydell & Brewer (2013), pp. 114-15.
  30. ↑ Wilson, Conrad. Notes on Mendelssohn: 20 Crucial Works, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (2005), p. 30.
  31. ↑ Todd, R. Larry. "Wanderlust". Mendelssohn Studies, Cambridge University Press (2006), p. 225.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kerman, Joseph. "Beethoven's Minority". Write All These Down: Essays on Music, University of California Press (1994), p. 220.
  33. ↑ Redwood Symphony Program Notes: Sibelius, Symphony No. 4
  34. ↑ Piano Trio in A minor, Op. 50 (Tchaikovsky) - from CDH55322 - Hyperion Records
  35. ↑ Vivaldi: Concertos for Strings - Naxos
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Classical Net Review - Weinberg - String Quartet #4 & 16
  37. ↑ Donat, Misha. Hyperion Records: Trio for piano, violin and cello in B major, op. 8
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Hepokoski and Darcy. "The Three- and Four-Movement Sonata Cycle". Elements of Sonata Theory (Oxford University Press, 2006). p. 336.
  39. ↑ Robertson, David. Sydney Symphony Orchestra - 2015 Season
  40. ↑ Fuchs: Piano Sonatas Op. 19 and Op. 88 - Naxos
  41. ↑ Amazon.com: George Frideric Handel, Concerto Grossi
  42. ↑ Hummel: Piano Trios / Piano Quartet in G major / Cello Sonata - Naxos
  43. ↑ Gíslason, Donald G. Vancouver Recital Society: Program Notes - Emanuel Ax
  44. ↑ Bell, John. Fejes Quartet: Sunday 8 June 2014 at 7:30pm - Music Nairn
  45. ↑ Stanley, Glenn. "Goal Directedness in Beethoven's Music". The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven, Cambridge University Press (2000), p. 93.
  46. ↑ Steinberg, Michael. "The Middle Quartets", The Beethoven Quartet Companion, Winter, Robert and Robert Martin, ed. University of California Press (1994). p. 188.
  47. ↑ Puchi, Richard Navarrete. Performance and Analysis of Lieder.
  48. ↑ Platt, Heather. Schubert's Poets and the Making of Lieder. - Free Online Library
  49. ↑ Wadsworth, Benjamin K. MTO 18.4: Wadsworth, Directional Tonality in Schumann's Early Works
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