List of genetically modified crops

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Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. As of 2015, 26 plant species have been genetically modified and approved for commercial release in at least one country. The majority of these species contain genes that make them either tolerant to herbicides or resistant to insects. Other common traits include virus resistance, delayed ripening, modified flower colour or altered composition.

Background

Regulations regarding the commercialisation of genetically modified crops are mostly conducted by individual countries. For cultivation, environmental approval determines whether a crop can be legally grown. Separate approval is generally required to use GM crops in food for human consumption or as animal feed.[1][2]

GM crops were first planted commercially on a large scale in 1996, in the US, China, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and Mexico.[3] As of 2014, the leading growers, by hectarage, are the United States (73.1M), Brazil (42.2M), Argentina (24.3M), India (11.6M), and Canada (11.6M).[4] The major crops are soybean, maize, cotton, and canola, with other crops making up about 1% of the total.[4] In addition to food and animal feed, other GM crop uses include ornamentals (flowers) and biofuel.

In 2014, 28 countries grew GM crops, and 39 countries imported but did not grow them.[3] Some countries have approved but not actually cultivated GM crops, due to public uncertainty or further government restrictions, while at the same time, they may import GM foods for consumption. For example, Japan is a leading GM food importer, and permits but has not grown GM food crops. The European Union regulates importation of GM foods, while individual member states determine cultivation.[5] In the US, separate regulatory agencies handle approval for cultivation (USDA, EPA) and for human consumption (FDA).[6]

Two genetically modified crops have been approved for food use in some countries, but have not obtained approval for cultivation. A GM Melon engineered for delayed senescence was approved in 1999 and a herbicide tolerant GM wheat was approved in 2004.

Genetically modified crops cultivated in 2014

GMO Use Trait Countries approved in First approved[7] Million hectares planted Notes
Alfalfa Animal feed[8] Herbicide tolerance USA 2005 Approval withdrawn in 2007[9] and then re-approved in 2011[10]
Canola Cooking oil

Margarine

Emulsifiers in packaged foods[8]

 High laurate canola Canada 1996
USA 1994
Phytase production USA 1998
Herbicide tolerance Australia 2003
Canada 1995
Chile 2007[N 1]
USA 1995
Carnation Ornamental Delayed senescence Australia 1995
Norway 1998
Modified flower colour Australia 1995
Columbia 2000[N 2] 0.000004[11] 4 ha grown in greenhouses for export[11]
European Union 1998[N 3]
Japan 2004
Malaysia 2012[N 4]
Norway 1997
Cotton Fiber
Cottonseed oil
Animal feed[8]		 Herbicide tolerance Argentina 2001 0.51[12] 460 000 ha stacked with insect resistance[12]
Australia 2002
Brazil 2008 0.3[13] 0.09 million ha are stacked with insect resistance[14]
Columbia 2004
Costa Rica 2008
Mexico 2000 0.16[15] 0.15 million ha are stacked with insect resistance[16]
Paraguay 2013
South Africa 2000 0.09[17] all apart from 450 ha stacked with insect tolerance[17]
USA 1994
Insect resistant Argentina 1998 0.49[12] 460 000 ha stacked with herbicide tolerance[12]
Australia 2003
Brazil 2005 0.37[18] 0.09 million ha are stacked with herbicide tolerance[19]
Burkina Faso 2009 0.65[20]
China 1997 3.9[21]
Colombia 2003
Costa Rica 2008
India 2002 11.6[22] Largest producer of Bt cotton[22]
Mexico 1996 0.15[23] All are stacked with herbicide tolerance[24]
Myanmar 2006[N 5] 0.32[25]
Pakistan 2010[N 5] 2.9[26]
Paraguay 2007
South Africa 1997 0.009[17] all stacked with herbicide resistance[17]
Sudan 2012 0.09[27]
USA 1995
Eggplant Food Insect Resistant Bangladesh 2013 0.000012[28] 12 ha planted on 120 farms[28]
Maize Animal feed

high-fructose corn syrup

corn starch[8]

 Increased lysine Canada 2006
USA 2006
Drought tolerance Canada 2010
USA 2011
Herbicide tolerance Argentina 1998 2.22[12] 1.98 million ha stacked with insect resistance[12]
Brazil 2007 8.00[29] 7.39 million ha are stacked with insect resistance[30]
Canada 1996
Colombia 2007 0.53[11] 45 000 ha stacked with insect tolerance[11]
Cuba 2011
European Union 1998 Grown in Portugal, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania[4]
Honduras 2001
Paraguay 2012
Philippines 2002 0.83[31] All stacked with herbicide tolerance
South Africa 2002 1.54[17] 1.13 million ha stacked with insect resistance[17]
USA 1995
Uruguay 2003 .09[32] 72 000 ha stacked with insect resistance[32]
Vietnam 2014[N 6]
Insect resistance Argentina 1998 2.76[12] 1.98 million ha stacked with herbicide tolerance[12]
Brazil 2005 11.87[33] 7.39 million ha are stacked with herbicide tolerance[33]
Columbia 2003 0.07[11] 45 000 ha stacked with insect tolerance[34]
Mexico 1996 .01[35] Centre of origin for maize[35]
Paraguay 2007
Philippines 2002 0.83 All stacked with herbicide resistance
South Africa 1997 1.73[17] 1.13 stacked with herbicide resistance[17]
Uruguay 2003 0.07[32] All stacked with herbicide tolerance[32]
USA 1995
Melon Food Delayed senescence USA Approved for food use in 1999, but not for cultivation.
Papaya Food[8] Virus resistance China 2006 .008[21]
USA 1996 Most grown in Hawaii[8]
Petunia Ornamental Modified flower colour 1998[N 5]
Poplar Tree Insect resistance China 1998 0.0005[36] 543ha of bt poplar planted[21]
Potato Food[8] Virus resistance Canada 1999
USA 1997
Industrial[37] Modified starch USA 2014
Rose Ornamental Modified flower colour Australia 2009[N 7]
Colombia 2010[N 8][N 9]
Japan 2008
USA 2011
Soybean Animal feed

Soybean oil[8]

 Increased oleic acid production Argentina 2015
Canada 2000
USA 1997
Stearidonic acid production Canada 2011
USA 2011
Herbicide tolerance Argentina 1996 20.8[12]
Bolivia 2005 1.00[38]
Brazil 1998 29.1[39]
Canada 1995
Chile 2007
Costa Rica 2001
Mexico 1996
Paraguay 2004 3.3[40]
South Africa 2001 0.55[17]
USA 1993
Uruguay 1996 1.55[32]
Squash Food[8] Virus resistance USA 1994 0.01[8]
Sugar Beet Food[41] Herbicide tolerance Canada 2001
USA 1998 Commercialised 2007,[42] production blocked 2010, resumed 2011.[41]
Sugar Cane Food Drought tolerance Indonesia 2013[N 6]
Tobacco Cigarettes Nicotine reduction USA 2002

Genetically modified crops that are no longer cultivated

GMO Use Trait Countries approved in First approved[43] Notes
Potato Food[8] Insect resistance Canada 1995 Withdrawn from market 2001[44]
USA 1994
Industrial[45] Modified starch European Union 2010 Development stopped 2012[46]
Rice Food Insect resistance Iran 2004 Grown on 4000 ha in 2005[47]
Tobacco Cigarettes Herbicide resistance China 1992[36] Not grown since 1995 due to strong opposition from tobacco importers.[36][48]
Tomato Food Delayed softening USA 1992 Production stopped 1997[49]

First GM food (see Flavr Savr)

Approved genetically modified crops that have not been cultivated

GMO Use Trait Countries approved in First approved[50] Notes
Apple Food[8] Delayed browning Canada 2015
USA 2015
Bean Viral disease resistance Brazil 2011
Chicory Animal feed Herbicide tolerance USA 1997
Eucalyptus Tree Altered growth Brazil 2015
Flax Linseed Oil Herbicide tolerance Canada 1996[N 10]
USA 1999
Grass Animal feed Herbicide tolerance USA 2003
Plum Food Virus resistance USA 2007
Potato Food[8] Reduced acrylamide

Blackspot bruise tolerance

Late blight resistance

 USA 2015
Virus resistance Canada 1999
USA 1997
Industrial[52] Modified starch USA 2014
Sweet pepper Food Virus resistance China 1998
Wheat Food Herbicide tolerance USA

References and Notes

Notes

  1. ↑ Seed production allowed for re-export.
  2. ↑ Export purposes only
  3. ↑ Two events expired 2008, another approved 2007
  4. ↑ For ornamental purposes
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 No official public documentation available
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Environmental certificate only
  7. ↑ Surrendered renewal
  8. ↑ Greenhouse cultivation for export only.
  9. ↑ No public documents
  10. ↑ Rescinded in 2001[51]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ http://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Mexico.pdf
  16. ↑ http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Mexico.pdf
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Burkina%20Faso.pdf
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Mexico.pdf
  24. ↑ http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Mexico.pdf
  25. ↑ http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Myanmar.pdf
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Philippines.pdf
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Mexico.pdf
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/news/467.gm_linseed_products_being_taken_off_market.html
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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