List of current United States Senators

This is a list of the current members of the United States Senate (115th United States Congress).

File:115th United States Congress Senators.svg

U.S. Senate party membership by state. States with two Democratic senators are in blue, states with two Republican senators are in red, and those with one of each are in purple. States with an independent senator are marked with green stripes on a blue or red background, depending on the party of the other senator.

Affiliation Members   Republican Party 52   Democratic Party 46   Independent 2 Total 100

Leadership

Office	Party	Officer		State	Since
Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate	Republican Party		Mike Pence	Indiana	2017
President pro tempore	Republican Party		Orrin Hatch	Utah	2015

Majority (Republican) leadership

Office	Officer	State	Since
Senate Majority Leader	Mitch McConnell	Kentucky	2015
Senate Majority Whip	John Cornyn	Texas	2015
Republican Conference Chairman	John Thune	South Dakota	2015
Republican Conference Vice Chairman	Roy Blunt	Missouri	2015
National Republican Senatorial Committee Chairman	Cory Gardner	Colorado	2017

Election cycles

Key to Senate classes by election year:

Class	Election Year (Nov)	Start of Term (Jan)	End of Term (Jan)	Democratic	Republican	Independent	Total
1	2012	2013	2019	23	8	2	33
2	2014	2015	2021	11	22		33
3	2016	2017	2023	12	22		34
Total				44	54	2	100

Senators

	State	Class	Senator	Name	Party	Private Sector Experience	Prior Public Office/Position	Education	Assumed Office	Date of Birth	Term Expires
	Alabama	3		Richard Shelby	Republican		U.S. House, Alabama Senate	University of Alabama (B.A.; LL.B.)	January 3, 1987	May 6, 1934	January 3, 2023
	Alabama	2		Luther Strange	Republican		Attorney General of Alabama	Tulane University (B.A.; J.D.)	February 9, 2017	March 1, 1953	January 3, 2021
	Alaska	3		Lisa Murkowski	Republican	lawyer in private practice	Alaska House of Representatives	Georgetown University (B.A.) Willamette University (J.D.)	December 20, 2002	May 22, 1957	January 3, 2023
	Alaska	2		Dan Sullivan	Republican		Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Alaska Attorney General, Assistant U.S. Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs	Harvard College Georgetown University	January 3, 2015	November 13, 1964	January 3, 2021
	Arizona	3		John McCain	Republican		U.S. House, U.S. Navy Captain	United States Naval Academy (B.S.)	January 3, 1987	August 29, 1936	January 3, 2023
	Arizona	1		Jeff Flake	Republican	nonprofit director	U.S. House	Brigham Young University (B.A.)	January 3, 2013	December 31, 1962	January 3, 2019
	Arkansas	3		John Boozman	Republican	optometrist	Rogers Public School board member, U.S. House	University of Arkansas (attended) Southern College of Optometry (O.D.)	January 3, 2011	December 10, 1950	January 3, 2023
	Arkansas	2		Tom Cotton	Republican		U.S. House	Harvard University Claremont Graduate University	January 3, 2015	May 13, 1977	January 3, 2021
	California	1		Dianne Feinstein	Democratic		Mayor of San Francisco, San Francisco Board of Supervisors	Stanford University (B.A.)	November 10, 1992	June 22, 1933	January 3, 2019
	California	3		Kamala Harris	Democratic		Attorney General of California	Howard University (B.A.) University of California, Hastings (J.D.)	January 3, 2017	October 20, 1964	January 3, 2023
	Colorado	3		Michael Bennet	Democratic	managing director of an investment firm	Denver Public Schools Superintendent	Wesleyan University (B.A.) Yale University (J.D.)	January 21, 2009	November 28, 1964	January 3, 2023
	Colorado	2		Cory Gardner	Republican		U.S. House, Colorado House of Representatives	Colorado State University University of Colorado Law School	January 3, 2015	August 22, 1974	January 3, 2021
	Connecticut	3		Richard Blumenthal	Democratic		Connecticut Attorney General, Connecticut Senate, Connecticut House of Representatives	Harvard University (B.A.) Trinity College, Cambridge (attended) Yale University (J.D.)	January 5, 2011	February 13, 1946	January 3, 2023
	Connecticut	1		Chris Murphy	Democratic		U.S. House, Connecticut Senate, Connecticut House of Representatives	Williams College (B.A.) Exeter College, Oxford (attended) University of Connecticut (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	August 3, 1973	January 3, 2019
	Delaware	1		Tom Carper	Democratic		Governor of Delaware, U.S. House, Delaware State Treasurer	The Ohio State University (B.A.) University of Delaware (M.B.A.)	January 3, 2001	January 23, 1947	January 3, 2019
	Delaware	2		Chris Coons	Democratic	volunteer, director for nonprofits, lawyer for a manufacturer	County Executive of New Castle County	Amherst College (B.A.) University of Nairobi (attended) Yale University (J.D.; M.A.)	November 15, 2010	September 9, 1963	January 3, 2021
	Florida	1		Bill Nelson	Democratic	lawyer in private practice, astronaut	Florida State Treasurer, U.S. House, Florida House of Representatives	University of Florida (attended) Yale University (B.A.) University of Virginia (J.D.)	January 3, 2001	September 29, 1942	January 3, 2019
	Florida	3		Marco Rubio	Republican		Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives	University of Florida (B.A.) University of Miami (J.D.)	January 3, 2011	May 28, 1971	January 3, 2023
	Georgia	3		Johnny Isakson	Republican	real estate broker	U.S. House, Georgia Senate, Georgia House of Representatives	University of Georgia (B.B.A.)	January 3, 2005	December 28, 1944	January 3, 2023
	Georgia	2		David Perdue	Republican	business owner		Georgia Institute of Technology	January 3, 2015	December 10, 1949	January 3, 2021
	Hawaii	3		Brian Schatz	Democratic	CEO, director of nonprofits	Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, Hawaii House of Representatives	Pomona College (B.A.)	December 26, 2012	October 20, 1972	January 3, 2023
	Hawaii	1		Mazie Hirono	Democratic	lawyer in private practice	U.S. House, Hawaii House of Representatives, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii	University of Hawaii at Manoa (B.A.) Georgetown University (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	November 3, 1947	January 3, 2019
	Idaho	3		Mike Crapo	Republican		U.S. House, Idaho Senate	Brigham Young University (B.A.) Harvard University (J.D.)	January 3, 1999	May 20, 1951	January 3, 2023
	Idaho	2		Jim Risch	Republican	professor, rancher, president of nonprofit	Governor of Idaho, Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, President pro tempore of the Idaho Senate, Ada County Prosecuting Attorney	University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (attended) University of Idaho (B.S.; J.D.)	January 3, 2009	May 3, 1943	January 3, 2021
	Illinois	2		Dick Durbin	Democratic	meatpacking plant laborer, lawyer in private practice, professor	U.S. House	Georgetown University (B.S.; J.D.)	January 3, 1997	November 21, 1944	January 3, 2021
	Illinois	3		Tammy Duckworth	Democratic		U.S. House	University of Hawaii (B.A.) George Washington University (M.A.)	January 3, 2017	March 12, 1968	January 3, 2023
	Indiana	3		Todd Young	Republican		U.S. House		January 3, 2017	August 24, 1972	January 3, 2023
	Indiana	1		Joe Donnelly	Democratic	printer, lawyer in a law firm	U.S. House	University of Notre Dame (B.A.; J.D.)	January 3, 2013	September 29, 1955	January 3, 2019
	Iowa	3		Chuck Grassley	Republican	farmer, factory worker	U.S. House, Iowa House of Representatives	University of Northern Iowa (B.A.; M.A.)	January 3, 1981	September 17, 1933	January 3, 2023
	Iowa	2		Joni Ernst	Republican	farmer	Iowa Senate	Iowa State University Columbus State University	January 3, 2015	July 1, 1970	January 3, 2021
	Kansas	2		Pat Roberts	Republican	journalist	U.S. House	Kansas State University (B.A.)	January 3, 1997	April 20, 1936	January 3, 2021
	Kansas	3		Jerry Moran	Republican	banker, lawyer in a law firm	U.S. House, Kansas Senate	Fort Hays State University (attended) University of Kansas (B.A.; J.D.)	January 3, 2011	May 29, 1954	January 3, 2023
	Kentucky	2		Mitch McConnell	Republican		Jefferson County Executive	University of Louisville (B.A.) University of Kentucky (J.D.)	January 3, 1985	February 20, 1942	January 3, 2021
	Kentucky	3		Rand Paul	Republican	ophthalmologist	Congressional Intern	Baylor University (attended) Duke University (M.D.)	January 3, 2011	January 7, 1963	January 3, 2023
	Louisiana	3		John Neely Kennedy	Republican		Louisiana Treasurer	Vanderbilt University (B.A.) University of Virginia (J.D.)	January 3, 2017	November 21, 1951	January 3, 2023
	Louisiana	2		Bill Cassidy	Republican	physician	U.S. House, Louisiana Senate	Louisiana State University(B.A.) LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans (M.D.)	January 3, 2015	September 28, 1957	January 3, 2021
	Maine	2		Susan Collins	Republican		Commissioner of the Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation	St. Lawrence University (B.A.)	January 3, 1997	December 7, 1952	January 3, 2021
	Maine	1		Angus King	Independent	founder and vice-president of energy companies	Governor of Maine	Dartmouth College (B.A.) University of Virginia (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	March 31, 1944	January 3, 2019
	Maryland	3		Chris Van Hollen	Democratic		U.S. House		January 3, 2017	January 10, 1959	January 3, 2023
	Maryland	1		Ben Cardin	Democratic	lawyer in private practice	U.S. House, Maryland House of Delegates	University of Pittsburgh (B.A.) University of Maryland, Baltimore (J.D.)	January 3, 2007	October 5, 1943	January 3, 2019
	Massachusetts	1		Elizabeth Warren	Democratic	lawyer at a law firm and in private practice, law school professor, research associate, vice-president of a nonprofit	Special Assistant to the President	George Washington University (attended) University of Houston (B.A.) Rutgers University, Newark (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	June 22, 1949	January 3, 2019
	Massachusetts	2		Ed Markey	Democratic	lawyer in private practice	U.S. House, Massachusetts House	Boston College (B.A.; J.D.)	July 16, 2013	July 11, 1946	January 3, 2021
	Michigan	1		Debbie Stabenow	Democratic		U.S. House, Michigan Senate, Michigan House of Representatives, Ingham County Board of Commissioners	Michigan State University (B.A.; M.S.W.)	January 3, 2001	April 29, 1950	January 3, 2019
	Michigan	2		Gary Peters	Democratic		U.S. House, Michigan Lottery Commissioner, Michigan Senate	Alma College University of Detroit Mercy Wayne State University Michigan State University	January 3, 2015	December 1, 1958	January 3, 2021
	Minnesota	1		Amy Klobuchar	Democratic-Farmer-Labor	lawyer in a law firm	Hennepin County Attorney	Yale University (B.A.) University of Chicago (J.D.)	January 3, 2007	May 25, 1960	January 3, 2019
	Minnesota	2		Al Franken	Democratic-Farmer-Labor	comedian, writer, radio talk show host		Harvard University (A.B.)	July 7, 2009	May 21, 1951	January 3, 2021
	Mississippi	2		Thad Cochran	Republican	lawyer in private practice	U.S. House	University of Mississippi (B.A.; J.D.)	December 27, 1978	December 7, 1937	January 3, 2021
	Mississippi	1		Roger Wicker	Republican		U.S. House, Mississippi State Senate	University of Mississippi (B.A.; J.D.)	December 31, 2007	July 5, 1951	January 3, 2019
	Missouri	1		Claire McCaskill	Democratic	trial lawyer	State Auditor of Missouri, Missouri House of Representatives, Jackson County Prosecutor	University of Missouri (B.S.; J.D.)	January 3, 2007	July 24, 1953	January 3, 2019
	Missouri	3		Roy Blunt	Republican		U.S. House, Missouri Secretary of State, President of Southwest Baptist University	Southwest Baptist University (B.A.) Missouri State University (M.A.)	January 3, 2011	January 10, 1950	January 3, 2023
	Montana	1		Jon Tester	Democratic	music teacher, farmer	Member and President of the Montana Senate	University of Great Falls (B.S.)	January 3, 2007	August 21, 1956	January 3, 2019
	Montana	2		Steve Daines	Republican		U.S. House	Montana State University	January 3, 2015	August 20, 1962	January 3, 2021
	Nebraska	1		Deb Fischer	Republican	rancher	Nebraska Legislature	University of Nebraska-Lincoln (B.S.)	January 3, 2013	March 1, 1951	January 3, 2019
	Nebraska	2		Ben Sasse	Republican		President of Midland University	Harvard College St. John's College Yale University	January 3, 2015	February 22, 1972	January 3, 2021
	Nevada	3		Catherine Cortez Masto	Democratic		Nevada Attorney General	University of Nevada, Reno (B.A.) Gonzaga University (J.D.)	January 3, 2017	March 29, 1964	January 3, 2023
	Nevada	1		Dean Heller	Republican	stockbroker, stock trader	U.S. House, Nevada Secretary of State, Nevada Assembly	University of Southern California (B.B.A.)	May 9, 2011	May 10, 1960	January 3, 2019
	New Hampshire	2		Jeanne Shaheen	Democratic	teacher, entrepreneur	Governor of New Hampshire, New Hampshire Senate	Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania (B.A.) University of Mississippi (M.A.)	January 3, 2009	January 28, 1947	January 3, 2021
	New Hampshire	3		Maggie Hassan	Democratic		Governor of New Hampshire	Brown University (B.A.) Northeastern University (J.D.)	January 3, 2017	February 27, 1958	January 3, 2023
	New Jersey	1		Bob Menendez	Democratic	lawyer in private practice	U.S. House, New Jersey Senate, New Jersey General Assembly, Mayor of Union City	Saint Peter's College (B.A.) Rutgers School of Law (J.D.)	January 18, 2006	January 1, 1954	January 3, 2019
	New Jersey	2		Cory Booker	Democratic	pro bono lawyer	Mayor of Newark	Stanford University (B.A; M.A.) The Queen's College, Oxford (M.A.) Yale University (J.D.)	October 31, 2013	April 27, 1969	January 3, 2021
	New Mexico	2		Tom Udall	Democratic		law clerk, Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. House, New Mexico Attorney General	Prescott College (B.A.) University of Cambridge (LL.B.) University of New Mexico (J.D.)	January 3, 2009	May 18, 1948	January 3, 2021
	New Mexico	1		Martin Heinrich	Democratic	director of nonprofit, consultant	U.S. House, Albuquerque City Council	University of Missouri (B.S.) University of New Mexico (attended)	January 3, 2013	October 17, 1971	January 3, 2019
	New York	3		Chuck Schumer	Democratic		U.S. House, New York State Assembly	Harvard University (A.B.; J.D.)	January 3, 1999	November 23, 1950	January 3, 2023
	New York	1		Kirsten Gillibrand	Democratic	lawyer for law firms, law clerk, special counsel	U.S. House	Dartmouth College (B.A.) University of California, Los Angeles (J.D.)	January 26, 2009	December 9, 1966	January 3, 2019
	North Carolina	3		Richard Burr	Republican	sales manager, director of nonprofits	U.S. House	Wake Forest University (B.A.)	January 3, 2005	November 30, 1955	January 3, 2023
	North Carolina	2		Thom Tillis	Republican		Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives	University of Maryland University College	January 3, 2015	August 30, 1960	January 3, 2021
	North Dakota	3		John Hoeven	Republican	banker	Governor of North Dakota	Dartmouth College (B.A.) Northwestern University (M.B.A.)	January 3, 2011	March 13, 1957	January 3, 2023
	North Dakota	1		Heidi Heitkamp	Democratic	lawyer for state government agencies	North Dakota Attorney General, Tax Commissioner of North Dakota	University of North Dakota (B.A.) Lewis and Clark College (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	October 30, 1955	January 3, 2019
	Ohio	1		Sherrod Brown	Democratic	Teacher	U.S. House, Ohio Secretary of State, Ohio House of Representatives	Yale University (B.A.) The Ohio State University (M.P.A.; M.A.)	January 3, 2007	November 9, 1952	January 3, 2019
	Ohio	3		Rob Portman	Republican	farm hand, lobbyist, lawyer in a law firm	U.S. House, U.S. Trade Representative, Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Dartmouth College (B.A.) University of Michigan (J.D.)	January 3, 2011	December 19, 1955	January 3, 2023
	Oklahoma	2		Jim Inhofe	Republican	army veteran, businessman, developer, president of insurance company	U.S. House, Mayor of Tulsa, Oklahoma Senate, Oklahoma House of Representatives	University of Tulsa (B.A.)	November 17, 1994	November 17, 1934	January 3, 2021
	Oklahoma	3		James Lankford	Republican		U.S. House	University of Texas at Austin Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary	January 3, 2015	March 4, 1968	January 3, 2023
	Oregon	3		Ron Wyden	Democratic	teacher, director of nonprofit	U.S. House	University of California, Santa Barbara (attended) Stanford University (B.A.) University of Oregon (J.D.)	February 6, 1996	May 3, 1949	January 3, 2023
	Oregon	2		Jeff Merkley	Democratic	technology worker for the DOD, director of nonprofits	CBO Analyst, Speaker of the Oregon House	Stanford University (B.A.) Princeton University (M.P.P.)	January 3, 2009	October 24, 1956	January 3, 2021
	Pennsylvania	1		Bob Casey, Jr.	Democratic	teacher, basketball coach, lawyer in private practice	Pennsylvania State Treasurer, Pennsylvania Auditor General	College of the Holy Cross (B.A.) The Catholic University of America (J.D.)	January 3, 2007	April 13, 1960	January 3, 2019
	Pennsylvania	3		Pat Toomey	Republican	bank currency swap trader, restaurant owner	U.S. House	Harvard University (A.B.)	January 3, 2011	November 17, 1961	January 3, 2023
	Rhode Island	2		Jack Reed	Democratic	lawyer at law firms	U.S. Army paratrooper, Company Commander, Battalion Staff Officer, Captain, U.S. House, Rhode Island Senate	United States Military Academy (B.S.) Harvard University (M.P.A., J.D.)	January 3, 1997	November 12, 1949	January 3, 2021
	Rhode Island	1		Sheldon Whitehouse	Democratic		state law clerk, Special Assistant to Attorney General, Governor's Executive Counsel, Rhode Island Attorney General, U.S. Attorney for the District of Rhode Island, Rhode Island Director of Business Regulation	Yale University (B.A.) University of Virginia (J.D.)	January 3, 2007	October 20, 1955	January 3, 2019
	South Carolina	2		Lindsey Graham	Republican	lawyer in private practice	judge advocate, military prosecutor, U.S. House, South Carolina House of Representatives	University of South Carolina (B.A.; J.D.)	January 3, 2003	July 9, 1955	January 3, 2021
	South Carolina	3		Tim Scott	Republican	insurance agent, financial adviser	U.S. House, South Carolina House of Representatives, Charleston County Council	Presbyterian College (attended) Charleston Southern University (B.S.)	January 2, 2013	September 19, 1965	January 3, 2023
	South Dakota	3		John Thune	Republican	legislative aide, director of SD Republican Party, director of Municipal League, Railroad Director	U.S. House	Biola University (B.A.) University of South Dakota (M.B.A.)	January 3, 2005	January 7, 1961	January 3, 2023
	South Dakota	2		Mike Rounds	Republican		Governor of South Dakota, South Dakota Senate	South Dakota State University	January 3, 2015	October 24, 1954	January 3, 2021
	Tennessee	2		Lamar Alexander	Republican		law clerk, Senate staffer, Governor of Tennessee, U.S. Secretary of Education	Vanderbilt University (B.A.) New York University (J.D.)	January 3, 2003	July 3, 1940	January 3, 2021
	Tennessee	1		Bob Corker	Republican	construction laborer and superintendent, owner of construction and real estate companies	Mayor of Chattanooga, Tennessee Commissioner of Finance and Administration	University of Tennessee (B.S.)	January 3, 2007	August 24, 1952	January 3, 2019
	Texas	2		John Cornyn	Republican	lawyer	state district judge, Texas Attorney General, Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court	Trinity University (B.A.) St Mary's University (J.D.) University of Virginia (LL.M.)	December 1, 2002	February 2, 1952	January 3, 2021
	Texas	1		Ted Cruz	Republican	Lawyer for a law firm	Law clerk in 4th Circuit and Supreme Court, associate deputy attorney general, policy planner, Solicitor General of Texas	Princeton University (B.A.) Harvard University (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	December 22, 1970	January 3, 2019
	Utah	1		Orrin Hatch	Republican	janitor, construction worker, bishop, lawyer		Brigham Young University (B.A.) University of Pittsburgh (J.D.)	January 3, 1977	March 22, 1934	January 3, 2019
	Utah	3		Mike Lee	Republican	lawyer for a law firms	law clerk for U.S. District Court and 3rd Circuit Court, Assistant U.S. Attorney	Brigham Young University (B.A.; J.D.)	January 3, 2011	June 4, 1971	January 3, 2023
	Vermont	3		Patrick Leahy	Democratic	lawyer in private practice	Chittenden County State's Attorney	Saint Michael's College (B.A.) Georgetown University (J.D.)	January 3, 1975	March 31, 1940	January 3, 2023
	Vermont	1		Bernie Sanders	Independent	carpenter, filmmaker, writer, researcher, professor	Mayor of Burlington, U.S. House	Brooklyn College (attended) University of Chicago (B.A.)	January 3, 2007	September 8, 1941	January 3, 2019
	Virginia	2		Mark Warner	Democratic	broker of mobile phone franchise licenses, venture capitalist	Governor of Virginia, Chairman of the Virginia Democratic Party	George Washington University (B.A.) Harvard University (J.D.)	January 3, 2009	December 15, 1954	January 3, 2021
	Virginia	1		Tim Kaine	Democratic	missionary, law clerk, lawyer in private practice, teacher	Governor of Virginia, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, Mayor of Richmond, city councilman, Chairman of the Democratic National Committee	University of Missouri (B.A.) Harvard University (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	February 26, 1958	January 3, 2019
	Washington	3		Patty Murray	Democratic	preschool teacher, parenting teacher, lobbyist	Washington Senate, Shoreline School District Board of Directors	Washington State University (B.A.)	January 3, 1993	October 11, 1950	January 3, 2023
	Washington	1		Maria Cantwell	Democratic	marketing vice-president	U.S. House, Washington House of Representatives	Miami University (B.A.)	January 3, 2001	October 13, 1958	January 3, 2019
	West Virginia	1		Joe Manchin	Democratic	president of a coal mining company	Governor of West Virginia, West Virginia Secretary of State, West Virginia Senate, West Virginia House of Delegates	West Virginia University (B.S.)	November 15, 2010	August 24, 1947	January 3, 2019
	West Virginia	2		Shelley Moore Capito	Republican		U.S. House	Duke University Curry School of Education	January 3, 2015	November 26, 1953	January 3, 2021
	Wisconsin	3		Ron Johnson	Republican	accountant, CEO of plastics manufacturer		University of Minnesota (B.A.)	January 3, 2011	April 8, 1955	January 3, 2023
	Wisconsin	1		Tammy Baldwin	Democratic	lawyer in private practice	U.S. House, Wisconsin State Assembly, Dane County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors	Smith College (B.A.) University of Wisconsin - Madison (J.D.)	January 3, 2013	February 11, 1962	January 3, 2019
	Wyoming	2		Mike Enzi	Republican	shoe salesman, president of nonprofit, accountant for an oil drilling company, executive director for a gas/coal/utilities company	Wyoming Air National Guard, member of Coal Advisory Committee (Department of Interior), Wyoming Senate, Wyoming House of Representatives, Mayor of Gillette	George Washington University (B.S.) University of Denver (M.B.A.)	January 3, 1997	February 1, 1944	January 3, 2021
	Wyoming	1		John Barrasso	Republican	physician in private practice, orthopedic surgeon, chief of staff of a medical center, president/physician for several nonprofits	Wyoming Senate	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (attended) Georgetown University (B.A.; M.D.)	June 25, 2007	July 21, 1952	January 3, 2019