Kate Marsden
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Nurse Kate Marsden
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| Born | 13 May 1859 Edmonton |
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Kate Marsden (13 May 1859 – 26 May 1931) was a British missionary, explorer, writer and nursing heroine. Supported by Queen Victoria and Empress Maria Fedorovna she investigated the care of leprosy. She set out on a journey from Moscow to Siberia to find a cure, creating a leper treatment centre in Siberia. She returned to England and inspired Bexhill Museum, but she was obliged to retire as a trustee. Marsden was dogged after her journey by homophobia, her finances and her motives for the achievements she had made. Her accusers almost succeeded in making her sexuality the basis for an "Oscar Wilde"-type trial. She was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. She has a large diamond named after her and is still remembered in Siberia, where a large memorial statue was erected at Sosnovka village in 2014.[1]
Contents
Early life
Marsden was born in Edmonton in London in 1859 to solicitor J.D. Marsden and Sophie Matilda Wellsted and she was named Kate.[2] She became a nurse when she was 16 and went to work in a London hospital.[3] She later became a matron at Wellington Hospital.[4]
She was sent from Tottenham to Bulgaria with others to nurse Russian soldiers wounded in Russia's war with Turkey in 1877. Working at the Red Cross mission her selflessness and devotion brought her an award from Empress Maria Fedorovna. Near Sistov she reportedly met her first two lepers and they persuaded her that this was her mission.
Interest in leprosy
Marsden returned to England and spent some time helping to treat her own siblings who were suffering with tuberculosis. She travelled to New Zealand with her step-mother to help nurse her consumptive sister. After her sister died she took up the position of Lady Superintendent at Wellington Hospital. The hospital had been set up primarily to look after the local Māori population.[5] Marsden would later report that she looked after lepers in New Zealand but although there was a similar disease there was no leprosy amongst the Māori people.[6] Before Marsden returned to England she established the first New Zealand branch of the St John's Ambulance Brigade.[7]
She continued to work as a nurse whilst also visiting the sick but wanting to leave for the British colonies to treat leprosy. After obtaining the support of Queen Victoria and Princess Alexandra, she travelled to Russia to obtain funding from the Russian Royal family. On this basis, she was able to travel to Egypt, Palestine, Cyprus and Turkey. In Constantinople she met an English doctor who told her of the curative properties of a herb found in Siberia. Inspired by this information she resolved to journey to Siberia.[8]
Journey to Siberia
She set sail from England to Moscow on board the merchant vessel Parramatta. She was able to arrange an audience with the Tsarina after she arrived in Moscow in November 1890. The Tsarina gave her a letter encouraging all who read it to assist Marsden with her plans to investigate leprosy in Siberia.[9] Marsden took her own provisions that included clothing that was so robust that it took three men to carry her into the sledge that carried her part of the way. She said that she could not bend her legs in the outfit. Marsden took 18 kilogrammes of Christmas pudding. This unusual addition was justified by Marsden because it was known to keep well and she liked it.[10] She set out three months later with an assistant and translator Ada Field.[citation needed]
Her journey took her some 11,000 miles (18,000 km) across Russia, by train, sledge, on horseback and by boat.[9] She had to interrupt her journey near Omsk after falling ill.[4]
Despite being supported by the Russian Royal family she helped at prisons and prisoners she met on her journey. She gave out food to Russian prisoners as they travelled into exile with double rations to the women who accompanied them or women who were convicts. Near her birthday in May she arrived at Irkutsk and formed a committee to address the problem of leprosy. She then travelled down the River Lena to Yakutsk where she obtained the herb that she believed might be a cure for leprosy.[4] Although the herb did not bring the cure she had hoped for, she continued to work amongst the lepers in Siberia.[11]
In 1892, she became a fellow of the Royal Geographic Society[10] and she was personally given an angel shaped brooch by Queen Victoria.[12]
In 1893 Marsden travelled to Chicago where she gave a talk concerning her exploits to visitors to the World's Fair. She described her 14,000-mile (23,000 km) journey, the cramped and uncomfortable conditions and the weak tea. Marsden said she intended to return to Siberia. [13]
In 1895, Marsden founded a charity, still active today, now known as the St Francis Leprosy Guild.[14] In 1897, she returned to Siberia where she opened a hospital for lepers in Vilyuysk.[9] She never fully recovered from her journey but she recorded all the details in her book On Sledge and Horseback to Outcast Lepers, published in 1893.[9] She died in London in 1931.[9] She died on 26 March 1931 and was buried in Hillingdon cemetery in Uxbridge on 31 March. Her grave had been overgrown for many years and covered in bushes. These have now been cleared and her grave, and the ones nearby are now accessible.
Controversy
Marsden's success of making a 2,000-mile (3,200 km) journey to Siberia to find a cure for leprosy did not bring her universal acclaim; many found it difficult to believe that she had undertaken the journey she claimed. Moreover, there were even rumours that Marsden's good works were undertaken to atone for her homosexuality. The Girl's Own Paper serialised her exploits and she was lauded by the Royal Geographical Society but accounts by William Thomas Stead held her accomplishments up for public derision.[15] Stead is now thought of as the first of what would become tabloid journalists.[16] His ideas were picked up in New Zealand which is where Marsden had visited earlier.
The Reverend Alexander Francis, an English-speaking pastor in St Petersburg, obtained a confession from Marsden to "immorality with women". Francis wrote that he planned to publish material alleging fraud by Marsden in order that this might be seen as the worst of her failings. This led to an investigation in Russia that cleared Marsden and a letter was written by British and American diplomats to The Times to clear her name in August 1894. Marsden considered claiming libel damages against Francis but at the same time as this investigation there was a libel trial launched by Oscar Wilde against the Marquis of Queensbury concerning Wilde's disputed homosexuality; Wilde lost.[15] In Marsden's case there was a difference in that female homosexual activity was not illegal in 1895.[15] However Marsden narrowly avoided starting a case of libel very similar to that of Wilde. Her instructions were stopped only because she did not have the finances to support a libel case.[15]
Francis cast the Russian report aside as a "whitewash" and Marsden did start a libel case but it was discontinued because of her poor finances. Unusually Marsden seems to have anticipated the disbelief of her deeds and motives in her book. Moreover, she included in her book letters from important people she met on her journey which led some to think that her motives were questionable. Some even described the journey as a "pleasure trip".[15]
In 1893 Isabel Hapgood reviewed the book by Marsden describing her journey. Hapgood joined a campaign to belittle Marsden's efforts. It has been speculated that Hapgood may have been motivated by a feeling that Russia was her own particular area of expertise or by rumours about Marsden which may have provoked a homophobic reaction in Hapgood.[17]
Continued controversy
Bexhill Museum was founded by Marsden and the Reverend J. C. Thompson FGS. Marsden is credited as the person who inspired the museum's creation. She organised meetings to gather local support. She wrote to the local paper and invited local dignitaries and she successfully gathered artefacts from matchmakers Bryant and May and chocolate makers Fry's.[18]
The museum was given Marsden's shell collection and she encouraged Dr Walter Amsden to donate his collection of Egyptian artefacts. In February 1913 the local council were being petitioned for funds crediting Marsden as the museums chief supporter and including the text of her talk to the council.[19]
In 1913 the Mayor of Bexhill contacted the committee and revealed that Marsden had been involved in a controversy.[20] The Charity Organisation Society advised that Marsden was "not a fit person to manage charitable funds".[19] She was obliged to resign. The museum still opened in 1914 but without Marsden.[20]
The controversy surrounding Marsden was not resolved and she finished her life suffering from dropsy and senile decay. After she died Bexhill museum refused a portrait that was offered to them.[20]
Works
- Kate Marsden: On Sledge and Horseback to Outcast Siberian Lepers. London, 1893
- Kate Marsden: The Leper. In: The Congress of Women: Held in the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U. S. A., 1893 (editor, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham Eagle). Monarch Book Company, Chicago 1894, S. 213–216 [21]
- Kate Marsden: My Mission in Siberia. A Vindication. London, 1921
Legacy
A Kate Marsden scholarship is given to the top English Language student at M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk each year.[12]
In 1991 a 55-carat diamond that was found in Yakutia was named the Sister of Mercy Kate Marsden.[12]
In 2008 an investigation was undertaken to try to find the mystery herb that Marsden had travelled to Siberia to find. Some have supposed that the "cure" was wormwood that would have been useful in treating the patient's ulcers.[12] The heir apparent was said to be a herb called kutchutka which was mentioned in an 1899 dictionary written in Sakha. One local herbalist said that he had used the herb several years before but it was so rare that he had not seen it recently. The researchers found the buildings that had made up the leprosarium which today are used as a village hall and as a residence in the settlement of Sosnovka which formed part of the leper hospital. The hospital closed in 1962.[22]
In 2009 a foundation stone was laid to mark Marsden's 150th anniversary for a planned memorial and park in Yakutia. In the same year the Sakha Theatre premiered a new play titled Kate Marsden. An Angel of Divine Disposals.[12]
The Royal Geographical Society has a small collection of items that belonged to Marsden including her watch, a whistle and the brooch that was given to her by Queen Victoria.[12]
References
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- ↑ http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/features/siberia-salutes-british-nurse-and-adventurer-who-set-up-a-leper-colony-in-remote-yakutian-village/
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Establishment of hospitals in New Zealand, Encyclopedia of New Zealand, retrieved 5 March 2014
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 To Siberia with a Christmas Pudding, Geographical.co.uk, retrieved 3 March 2014
- ↑ Mission of Mercy, Long Riders Guild, retrieved 26 February 2014
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Guild Founder, St Francis Leprosy Guild, retrieved 26 February 2014
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ about Bexhill Museum, Bexhill Museum, retrieved 3 March 2014
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Rother District Council, February and March 1913, retrieved 3 March 2014
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Excerpt from The Leper (1894)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Literature
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