Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
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| Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Country | India |
| Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh |
| Established | 3 December 2005 |
| Disestablished | 2014 |
| Current status | Replaced with AMRUT |
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was a massive city-modernisation scheme launched by the Government of India under Ministry of Urban Development. It envisaged a total investment of over $20 billion over seven years. Named after Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, the scheme was officially inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan Singh on 3 December 2005[1] as a programme meant to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities. It was launched in 2005 for a seven-year period (up to March 2012) to encourage cities to initiate steps for bringing phased improvements in their civic service levels. The government had extended the tenure of the mission for two years, i.e., from April 2012 to March 31, 2014.
JnNURM was a huge mission which relates primarily to development in the context of urban conglomerates focusing to the Indian cities. JnNURM aims at creating ‘economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive Cities’ by a strategy of upgrading the social and economic infrastructure in cities, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP)[2] and wide-ranging urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance in accordance with the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.
Contents
Backdrop
JnNURM is a unique project dedicated to the redevelopment of India's cities, as India has traditionally primarily focused on the development of rural areas, especially its underdeveloped villages.
As per the 2011 census, India is home to about 1.21 billion people, making it one of the most densely populated areas of the world. However, it was also estimated that 68.9% of India's population lies in rural areas. Urban India is fast growing but sometimes in unplanned ways.
India is benchmarked to be the next superpower that held a steady growth rate during the recent recession. But unplanned growth has taken a toll on urban India, especially due to problems in the rural agricultural sector. The rising urban population due to transformation of rural areas into urban areas (not migration) and other factors have contributed to the decrease of living standards in urban areas.
Inadequate infrastructure, rising population rates as well as rising urban poverty are major causes to the degradation of the cities. Hence, the government of India has taken up the initiative to redevelop urban towns and cities by developing infrastructure, municipal reforms and providing aid to the state governments and the urban local bodies (ULBs). As per the information in the JnNURM mission brochure as launched by the authorities, cities and towns account for 30 percent of the country's population, contributing 50–55 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). The degrading conditions in cities have forced the government to rethink their strategies to adhere to the socio-economic objectives of the country.Hence, this had been proposed
Failure[3]
In spite of its run of over 10 years and huge expenditure, the mission failed as none of its objectives were achieved. Most of the funds were spent in buying High Capacity Buses that were visible in most municipal areas. JnNURM has been replaced with focussed missions like AMRUT & Smart City Mission etc.
Reasons for Failure [4][5]
- Competence of Planners
- The mission was centrally planned in New Delhi and its objectives were blindly accepted and adopted across the states. The required administrative reforms and accountability were ignored. The infrastructure planning was limited to just addition of new Core Infrastructure as suggested by private consultants. The planners were neither trained nor competent in understanding the social needs for which they were planning. This was one of the major flaws that resulted in failure.
- Approach adopted by Planners
- One of the mission's primary objective was a projection that improving infrastructure would be a solution and would cause urban renewal. The objective failed to account for capability/capacity & willingness of ULB authorities to learn, participation of the citizens being limited to just inviting comments, and lack of focused research were the important reasons for its failure.
- Funding of Projects
- Since the Objectives of the mission were vague and not easily understood, the funds were either diverted or misused. The central funding had to be matched by the states to achieve stability. But lack of monitoring, review and no provision for midterm course correction caused serious damage to the renewal mission.
Structure
Sub-missions
JnNURM primarily incorporates two sub-missions into its program:
- The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance administered by the Ministry of Urban Development, with a focus on water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas.
- The Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)[2] administered by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation with a focus on integrated development of slums.[6]
In addition to this, it has two further components:[7]
- The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) administered by the Ministry of Urban Development, with a focus on subsuming the schemes of Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) which aim at planned urban infrastructural improvement in towns and cities under its purview.[8]
- The Sub-Mission for Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) administered by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA) was envisaged and brought into effect in 1993–94 in accordance with providing the entire population with safe and adequate water supply facilities. The program is mainly implemented in towns with populations less than 20,000 as per the 1991 census.[9]
Objectives
- Focused attention relating to infrastructural services in the context of integrated development is to be covered under the mission.
- Make efficient and increase self-sustaining capabilities of cities as per the sector proving infrastructural services by securing the linkages between asset creation and asset management
- Ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfill deficiencies in the urban infrastructural services.
- Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, out growths, urban corridors, so that urbanization takes place in a dispersed manner.
- Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor.
- To take up urban renewal programme, i.e., re-development of inner (old) cities area to reduce congestion.[10]
Duration
The duration of the mission is seven years beginning from December 2005. During this period, the mission sought to ensure sustainable development of participating cities. An evaluation of the experience of implementation of the mission would be undertaken before the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan in 2012.
The duration of the mission was extended by two more years: until 31 March 2014.
Implementation mechanism
The funds are channelled through state-level agencies, where grants from the central and state governments are pooled and passed on as grants or soft loans to cities provided that they have prepared development strategies and that the investments identified fit within these strategies. The mission emphasises transparency and accountability. It supports public-private partnerships and cost recovery to make service providers financially self-sustaining.[6] The share of grant funding by the central government can vary from 35% in the largest cities to up to 90% in cities in the Northeast. Most cities receive grants covering 50% or 80% of costs depending on size.[11] Capacity building is also included in the mission to assist urban local bodies to prepare strategies and projects.
Currently, ten projects are covered by JNNURM funds pertaining to road network, storm water drains, bus rapid transit system, water supply, solid waste management, sewage treatment, river and lake improvement, slum improvement and rehabilitation, all fall under its scope.
Coverage
As per the JNNURM guidelines, only select cities/Urban Agglomerations (UAs) as per 2001 Census have been chosen for the implementation of the programme as per norms/criteria mentioned below:[10]
| A | Cities/UAs with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census | 07 |
| B | Cities/UAs with 1 million plus but less than 4 million population as per 2001 census | 28 |
| C | Selected cities/UAs (state capitals and other cities/UAs of religious/historic and touristic importance) | 28 |
Eligibility
A total of 67 cities are eligible (up from 63 initially), provided that they have elected bodies in position. 13 specific reforms are mandatory f or states and municipalities before funds can be accessed. At the state level, they include decentralisation of urban planning, water supply and sanitation from the states to cities, as well as the enactment of laws for community participation and public disclosure. At the municipal level, they include the adoption of modern accounting systems, e-government, improvements in property tax collection, better cost recovery for water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, and targeting of investments to the poor.
Implementation
State level reforms
As of 2012 Gujarat led the tally for the state level reforms, being the only state to have achieved all 10 reforms required by the mission. Five states have achieved 9 out of 10 reforms: Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.[12] Public disclosure and community participation laws have initially progressed slowly, with only five states managing to enact them as part of the reform agenda as of 2009.[13] However, as of 2012 community participation laws have been enacted by 22 out of 31 states, and public disclosure laws were enacted by 27 states. 20 states had decentralised the responsibility for water supply and sanitation from the state level to ULBs, and 19 had done so for city planning functions.[12]
City level reforms
As of 2012, Visakhapatnam, Surat and Pune had the distinction of having accomplished all 8 city level reforms. Chennai, Greater Mumbai and Hyderabad had achieved 7 out of 8 reforms. Out of 67 cities, 30 had achieved the 90% target for property tax collection, 20 had achieved full operation and maintenance cost recovery for water supply and sanitation, but only 8 had achieved cost recovery for solid waste.[14]
Sanctioning of projects
As of 2009, 415 projects requiring an investment of ₹44,000 crore, equivalent to half the total envisaged program amount, were approved. Among the states, Maharashtra has been sanctioned the maximum number of projects under the mission. Among cities, Bangalore has had the highest number of approved projects.[13]
Midterm appraisal
A midterm appraisal carried out in 2009 by the consulting firm Grant Thornton recommended to establish a single directorate for the ministries in charge of the mission; more involvement of city administrations in the preparation of city development plans that were prepared by consultants; broader stakeholder consultation during environmental and social impact assessments; the development of a national procurement manual; separation of the approval process for projects in two stages; financial support and capacity development for the implementation of reforms in addition to funding for infrastructure; the use of policies for public-private partnerships and pooled funding mechanisms at the state level, such as urban development funds that exist in Tamil Nadu and Orissa.[15]
| Category of Cities/Towns/UAs | Grant | ULB or Para-Statal Share/Loan from |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Centre | State | ||
| Cities/UAs with 4 million plus
population as per 2001 census |
35% | 15% | 50% |
| Cities/UAs with million plus but less
than 4 million population as per 2001 census |
50% | 20% | 30% |
| Cities/towns/UAs in North Eastern | 90% | 10% | – |
| Cities/UAs other than those mentioned above |
80% | 10% | 10% |
| For setting up de-salination plants within 20 km. From sea-shore and other urban areas predominantly |
80% | 10% | 10% |
List of identified cities
The following table provides for a list of the cities/urban agglomerations (UAs) identified to receive the benefits of JNNURM. They include data pertaining to the state they belong to; the population in these cities given in lakhs as per the census of 2001.[16]
Note: National Steering Group may choose to add or delete cities/UAs/towns under Category-C (other than state capitals) based on the suggestions received from state governments. However, the number of cities under the mission shall remain around 60.
See also
- Vikas yojna
- Accredited Social Health Activist
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
References
- ↑ http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Prime-Ministers-Office.htm
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sub-missions:JnNURM Sub-Missions
- ↑ http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Chandigarh.pdf
- ↑ http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Commercial/Report_15/CHap_10.pdf
- ↑ http://mhupa.gov.in/W_new/DMU_REPORT_JNNURM.pdf
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Government of India:Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, ca. 2005
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Guidelines:JNNURM Guidelines, February 2009
- ↑ Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (ILFS) India:IL&FS IDC Services offered for JNNURM and UIDSSMT Schemes, undated presentation
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Indian Infrastructure:JNNURM Progress Report, February 2009
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Census of India, 2001:2001 Census of India
- ↑ The Hindu, 2013:All districts to get low-floor buses
- ↑ EAI, 2012:All districts to get low-floor buses
