Caribbean Netherlands

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For all of the Caribbean entities with constitutional links with the Netherlands, see Dutch Caribbean.
Caribbean Netherlands
Caribisch Nederland  (Dutch)
Overseas region of the Netherlands
Flag of Caribbean Netherlands
Flag		 Coat of arms of Caribbean Netherlands
Coat of arms
Location of the Caribbean Netherlands (green and circled). From left to right: Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius.
Location of the Caribbean Netherlands (green and circled). From left to right: Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius.
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Country  Netherlands
Special municipalities <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
Incorporated into the Netherlands 10 October 2010 (dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)
Government (see Politics of the Netherlands)
 • National Rep. Gilbert Isabella
 • Lt. Governors <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
Area
 • Total 328 km2 (127 sq mi)
  (0.8% of the Netherlands)
Highest elevation
(Mount Scenery)		 887 m (2,910 ft)
Population (2010)
 • Total 21,133
 • Density 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
  (0.1% of the Netherlands)
Languages
 • Official Dutch
 • Recognised regional <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
Time zone AST (UTC−4)
Calling code +599
ISO 3166 code BQ, NL-BQ1, NL-BQ2, NL-BQ3
Currency United States dollar (USD)[2]
Internet TLD .nl, .an,a .bq b
^ .an is to be discontinued[3]
^ .bq is assigned but not used[4][5]

The Caribbean Netherlands[6][7] (Dutch: Caribisch Nederland) are the three special municipalities of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean Sea. They consist of the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba,[a 1] although the term "Caribbean Netherlands" is sometimes used to refer to all of the islands in the Dutch Caribbean. In legislation, the three islands are also known as the BES islands (a more traditional acronym of their names). The islands are currently classified as public bodies in the Netherlands and as overseas countries and territories of the European Union; thus, EU law does not automatically apply.

Bonaire (including the islet of Klein Bonaire) is one of the Leeward Antilles and is located close to the coast of Venezuela. Sint Eustatius and Saba are in the main Lesser Antilles group and are located south of Sint Maarten and northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Legal status

The three islands gained their current status following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010.[8] At the same time, the islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten became autonomous countries (Dutch: landen) within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[9] The island of Aruba is also a country of the Kingdom located in the Caribbean. The term "Dutch Caribbean" may refer to the three special municipalities (e.g. for stamps), but may also refer to all of the Caribbean islands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The population of the BES islands is 21,000. Their total area is 328 square kilometres (127 sq mi).

Administration

The special municipalities (Dutch: bijzondere gemeenten) carry many of the functions normally performed by Dutch municipalities. The executive power rests with the Governing Council headed by a Lieutenant governor. The main democratic body is the island council. Dutch citizens of these three islands are entitled to vote in Dutch national and (as all Dutch nationals) in European elections.

Officially the islands are classed in Dutch law as being openbare lichamen (literally translated as "public bodies") and not gemeenten (municipalities). Unlike normal municipalities, they do not form part of a Dutch province[10] and the powers normally exercised by provincial councils within municipalities are divided between the island governments themselves and the central government by means of the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands. For this reason, they are called "special" municipalities.

For many Dutch laws there is a special BES version.[11] For example, social security is not on the same level as it is in the European Netherlands.[citation needed]

Special municipalities of the Netherlands
Flag Name Capital
(and largest city)		 Area[12]
(km²)		 Population[13]
(31-12-2010)		 Density
(per km²)
Bonaire Kralendijk 294 15,666 53
Sint Eustatius Oranjestad 21 3,543 169
Saba The Bottom 13 1,824 140
Total 328 21,133 64

National Office

The National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands (Dutch: Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland) is responsible for taxation, policing, immigration, transport infrastructure, health, education, and social security in the islands and provides these services on behalf of the Government of the Netherlands.[14] This agency was established as the Regional Service Center in 2008 and became the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands on 1 September 2010.[15][16] The current director is Sybren van Dam.[17] The Representative for the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba represents the Government of the Netherlands on the islands and also performs tasks similar to a King's Commissioner.[citation needed] The current representative is Wilbert Stolte.[18]

Relationship with the European Union

The islands do not form part of the European Union and instead constitute "overseas countries and territories" (OCT status) of the Union, to which special provisions apply.[a 2] The Lisbon Treaty introduced a procedure where the European Council may change the status of an overseas territory of Denmark, France, or the Netherlands regarding the application of the EU treaties to that territory.[a 3] In June 2008, the Dutch government published a survey of the legal and economic impacts by a switched status from OCT to OMR.[19][20] The position of the islands will be reviewed after a five-year transitional period, which began with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in October 2010.[21] The review will be conducted as part of the planned review of the Dutch "Act for the Public bodies Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" (Dutch: "Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba"), where the islands have been granted the option to become an Outermost region – and thus a direct part of the European Union.[22]

Geography

The Caribbean Netherlands form part of the Lesser Antilles. Within this island group,

  • Netherlands Antilles-CIA WFB Map.png

    Map showing Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba within the former Netherlands Antilles.

  • The Netherlands (incl. BES) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands.svg

    Relative distance between mainland Netherlands in Europe and the Caribbean Netherlands.

  • The Caribbean BES islands are subdivisions of the country of the Netherlands and are therefore referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands.

Climate

The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Islands are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.

Currency

Until 1 January 2011, the three islands used the Netherlands Antillean guilder; after that all three switched to the US dollar, rather than the euro (which is used in the European Netherlands) or the Caribbean guilder (which is being adopted by the other two former Antillean islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten).[23][24] The decision to introduce the US dollar on the three islands was taken in November 2008.[23]

Communications

The telephone country code remains 599, that of the former Netherlands Antilles, and is shared with Curaçao. The International Organization for Standardization has assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code ISO 3166-2:BQ for these islands.[25] The IANA has not established a root zone for the .bq Internet ccTLD and whether it will be used is unknown.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" is the listed English name for the territorial grouping in the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1, where the English spelling was corrected with the release of ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-9.
  2. ↑ Per the Annex II of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
  3. ↑ Now contained in Article 355(6) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

References

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External links

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