Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough

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The Viscount Gough
Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, 1850.png
Daguerreotype of Gough wearing the Army Gold Cross, 1850
Born (1779-11-03)3 November 1779
Woodstown, Annacotty, Ireland
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Booterstown, Ireland
Buried
Stillorgan, Ireland
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service/branch British Army
Years of service 1794–1849
Rank Field Marshal
Commands held
Battles/wars
Awards

Field Marshal Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, KP, GCB, GCSI, PC, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (3 November 1779 – 2 March 1869) was an Irish officer of the British Army. After serving as a junior officer at the seizure of the Cape of Good Hope during the French Revolutionary Wars, Gough commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot during the Peninsular War. After serving as commander-in-chief of the British forces in China during the First Opium War, he became Commander-in-Chief, India and led the British forces in action against the Marathas defeating them decisively at the conclusion of the Gwalior Campaign and then commanded the troops that defeated the Sikhs during both the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Early career

Born the son of Lieutenant Colonel George Gough and Letitia Gough (née Bunbury) of Lisnavagh, Gough was commissioned into the Limerick Militia on 7 August 1793.[1] He transferred to a locally raised regiment on 7 August 1794 and, having been promoted to lieutenant in the 119th Regiment of Foot on 11 October 1794, transferred to the 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot on 6 June 1795.[2] He took part in the capture of the Cape of Good Hope in September 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars and transferred to the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot in December 1795, before being deployed with his regiment in the West Indies and taking part in the expedition to Dutch Guiana in 1799.[3] After returning to England he was promoted to captain in the 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 25 June 1803 and to major in the same battalion on 25 June 1803.[3]

Peninsular War

Gough joined Sir Arthur Wellesley in Spain in January 1809 and commanded the 2nd Battalion of his regiment at the Battle of Talavera, during which he was wounded in July 1809 during the Peninsular War.[3] He also fought at the Battle of Barrosa, where his regiment captured a French Imperial Eagle in March 1811.[1] Promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 30 March 1811,[4] he also took part in the Siege of Tarifa in January 1812, the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813 and the Battle of Nivelle, during which he was again badly wounded in November 1813.[3] He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 25 May 1815,[5] appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 4 June 1815[6] and appointed a Knight Bachelor on 16 March 1816.[7]

Promoted to colonel on 12 August 1819,[8] Gough became commanding officer of the 22nd Regiment of Foot in County Tipperary where he also served as a local magistrate.[3] He was promoted to major general on 22 July 1830[9] and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 18 September 1831.[10]

Service in the east

File:Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, St. Helen's.jpg
A painting of Hugh Gough that hangs in the hallway of St. Helen's, Booterstown, his former home in County Dublin, Ireland.

Gough became General Officer Commanding the Mysore division of the Madras Army in 1837.[3] At the outset of the First Opium War in March 1839 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British forces in China. He led the assault at the Battle of Canton in May 1841, and having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general in India and in China on 18 June 1841,[11] he also led the assault at the Battle of Amoy in August 1841.[3] Advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 14 October 1841[12] and promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 23 November 1841, he commanded the British forces at the Battle of Chapu in May 1842 and at the Battle of Chinkiang in July 1842.[13] After the Treaty of Nanking, the British forces were withdrawn and he returned to India.[13] He became a baronet on 1 December 1842[14] and was promoted to the local rank of full general in India on 3 March 1843.[15]

In August 1843 Gough became Commander-in-Chief, India, and in December 1843 he led the British forces in action against the Mahrattas defeating them decisively at the conclusion of the Gwalior Campaign.[13] He also commanded the troops at the Battle of Mudki in December 1845, at the Battle of Ferozeshah also in December 1845 and at the Battle of Sobraon in February 1846 during the First Anglo-Sikh War.[13] Gough was loyally supported by Lord Hardinge, the governor-general, who served under him during these actions.[1] Gough was elevated to the peerage as Baron Gough of Chinkiang in China and of Maharajpore and the Sutlej in the East Indies on 7 April 1846.[16]

File:Hugh Gough 1861.jpg
Hugh Gough, 1861, by Camille Silvy

The Second Anglo-Sikh War started in 1848, and again Gough took to the field commanding in person at the Battle of Ramnagar in November 1848 and at the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849.[13] He was criticised for relying on frontal assault by infantry rather than using artillery and was replaced as commander-in-chief by Sir Charles Napier but, before news of his replacement had arrived, Gough achieved a decisive victory over the Sikhs in the Battle of Gujarat in February 1849.[13] He returned to Ireland and was advanced in the peerage as Viscount Gough of Goojerat in the Punjab and of the City of Limerick on 4 June 1849.[17] He retired from active service later that year and was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 20 June 1854.[18]

Gough also served as colonel of the 99th Regiment of Foot,[19] as colonel of the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot[20] and later as colonel of the Royal Horse Guards.[21] In Dublin, he was a member of the Kildare Street Club.[22] He was promoted to field marshal on 9 November 1862.[23]

Death and commemoration

File:Mounted statue and woodland ride, Chillingham Castle.jpg
Equestrian statue of Viscount Gough at Chillingham Castle by the Dublin-born sculptor John Henry Foley.
File:Gough Monument, Phoenix Park.jpg
The statue as it originally stood, in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, from 1880 to 1957

He died at St. Helen's, his home in Booterstown, on 2 March 1869 and was buried in Stillorgan.[1]

Proposals for a statue to Gough began in 1869 but were rejected by Dublin Corporation, including sites in Carlisle Bridge, Foster Place and Westmoreland Street.[24] An equestrian statue of Gough by John Foley was ultimately erected outside the city, in Dublin's Phoenix Park in 1880[24] but, after being repeatedly vandalised in the 1940s and 1950s, it was moved to Chillingham Castle in Northumberland in 1990. The inscription reads:

In honour of Field Marshal Hugh Viscount Gough, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., an illustrious Irishman, whose achievements in the Peninsular War, in China, and in India, have added lustre to the military glory of his country, which he faithfully served for seventy five years. This statue [cast from cannon taken by troops under his command and granted by Parliament for the purpose] is erected by friends and comrades.[25]

The cannon referred to were captured by Gough in China and India and yielded 15 tons of gun-metal for the statue.[26]

Family

In June 1807, Gough married Frances Maria Stephens, daughter of General Edward Stephens.[3]

As the 1st Viscount Gough, he set down a family seat near Gort at Lough Cutra Castle, County Galway, Ireland, when purchased by him in 1852.[27]

Gough's first cousins included Thomas Bunbury of Lisnavagh, County Carlow, MP for Carlow, and Jane McClintock of Drumcar, mother of the 1st Baron Rathdonnell.[28]

Arms

Arms of Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough
250px
Crest
1st: a Boar's Head couped Or; 2nd: on a Mural Crown Argent a Lion passant guardant Or holding in the dexter paw two Flag Staves in bend sinister proper the one being the Union Flag of Great Britain and Ireland surmounting the other the staff thereof broken with a triangular Banner flowing therefrom to represent a Chinese Flag having thereon a Dragon and in an Escroll above the word "China"; 3rd: a Dexter Arm embowed in Facings of the 87th Regiment (Gules faced Vert) the hand grasping the Colour of the said Regiment displayed and a representation of a French Eagle reversed and depressed the staff broken proper in an Escroll above the word "Barossa".
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Gules on a Mount Vert a Lion passant guardant Or supporting with his dexter paw the Union Flag flowing to the sinister proper over the same in chief the words "China" and "India" in letters of gold; 2nd and 3rd, Azure on a Fess Argent between three Boars' Heads couped Or a Lion passant Gules in the centre chief point pendent from a Riband Argent fimbriated Azure a representation of the Badge of the Spanish Order of Charles III proper on a Chief within Battlements a Representation of the East Wall of the Fortress of Tarifa with a Breach between two Turrets the dexter Turret surmounted by the British Flag flying all proper.
Supporters
Dexter: a Lion reguardant Or gorged with an Eastern Crown Gules the rim inscribed with the word "Punjab" in letters of gold with Chain reflexed over the back also Gold; Sinister: a Chinese Dragon Or gorged with a Mural Crown Sable inscribed with the word "China" and chained Gold.
Motto
Above the centre Crest: Faugh a Ballagh (Clear the way); Below the shield: Goojerat.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 13784. p. . 2 June 1795.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Heathcote, p. 148
  4. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16469. p. . 26 March 1811.
  5. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 17018. p. . 3 June 1815.
  6. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 17061. p. . 16 September 1815.
  7. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 17122. p. . 26 March 1816.
  8. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 17505. p. . 12 August 1819.
  9. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 18709. p. . 23 July 1830.
  10. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 18850. p. . 13 September 1831.
  11. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 19989. p. . 18 June 1841.
  12. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 20028. p. . 15 October 1841.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Heathcote, p. 149
  14. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 20173. p. . 2 December 1842.
  15. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 20201. p. . 3 March 1843.
  16. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 20592. p. . 7 April 1846.
  17. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 20984. p. . 5 June 1849.
  18. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 21564. p. . 22 June 1854.
  19. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 19809. p. . 31 December 1839.
  20. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 19962. p. . 19 March 1841.
  21. ↑ Heathcote, p. 150
  22. ↑ Escott, pp. 329–333
  23. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 22679. p. . 10 November 1862.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Sources

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Further reading

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External links

Military offices
Preceded by Commander-in-Chief, India
1843–1849		 Succeeded by
Sir Charles Napier
Preceded by Colonel of the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues)
1855–1869		 Succeeded by
The Lord Strathnairn
Preceded by Colonel of the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot
1841–1855		 Succeeded by
James Simpson
Preceded by Colonel of the 99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot
1839–1841		 Succeeded by
Sir Howard Douglas, Bt
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Viscount Gough
1849–1869		 Succeeded by
George Stephens Gough
Baron Gough
1846–1869
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation Baronet
(of Synone and Drangan)
1842–1869		 Succeeded by
George Stephens Gough

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