Gudrun

For other uses, see Gudrun (disambiguation).

Kriemhild and Gunther, Johann Heinrich Füssli, 1807

Gudrun is a major figure in early Germanic literature that is centred on the hero Sigurd, son of Sigmund. She appears as Kriemhild in the Nibelungenlied and as Gutrune in Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen.

Norse mythology

In Norse mythology, Gudrun (Guðrún Gjúkadóttir) is the sister of king Gunnar. She falls in love with Sigurd, who does not care for her, as he is in love with the valkyrie Brynhild, to whom he once gave the ring of Andvaranaut. Gudrun's brother Gunnar also wished to marry Brynhild, but this was impossible as the latter had sworn to marry only the man who could defeat her in a fair fight, whom she knew to be Sigurd.

In another version of the myth, Brynhild is imprisoned inside a ring of fire as punishment by Odin. Sigurd fights his way through the fire and promises to marry Brynhild, but is then bewitched by the ring of Andvarinaut. Sigurd then switches bodies with Gunnar and, in this guise, gallops through the fire and wins Brynhild again, who is deceived by this ruse into marrying the real Gunnar. Gunnar had agreed to Sigurd's marrying Gudrun under the condition that Sigurd would win Brynhild for him first. When he was disguised as Gunnar, Sigurd also took the ring of Andvaranaut from Brynhild and gave it to Gudrun as his morning gift. Both queens, Gudrun and Brynhild, were married on the same day.

Gudrun's mother, Grimhild, called Ute in the Nibelungenlied, mixes a potion to make Sigurd forget his love for Brynhild.

Later, when Brynhild learns that she has been tricked into marrying the inferior Gunnar, she exacts vengeance by telling Gunnar that Sigurd had taken liberties with her, so Gunnar has Sigurd killed. Gudrun is so overcome with grief at the death of the one she loves that she cannot weep. The royal court fears for her life, and when finally her sister shows Sigurd's corpse to Gudrun, tears flow at last. Gudrun laments her lost husband and predicts the death of his killer, her own brother Gunnar.

Gudrun later marries king Atli (loosely based on Attila the Hun). In the northern version, Atli is responsible for the death of her whole family, who bear the name Völsung/Niebelungen after the Nibelung gold treasure. The queen takes revenge for her murdered family by killing her two sons by Atli, Erp and Eitil, and serving them to their father at a feast. Then, when Atli is solidly drunk, she breaks the news to him:

"Thou giver of swords, / of thy sons the hearts All heavy with blood / in honey thou hast eaten; Thou shalt stomach, thou hero, / the flesh of the slain, To eat at thy feast, / and to send to thy followers.

Thou shalt never call / to thy knees again Erp or Eitil, / when merry with ale; Thou shalt never see / in their seats again The sharers of gold / their lances shaping, (Clipping the manes / or minding their steeds.)"

(Atlakviða, stanza 39—40.)

Gudrun sets fire to Atli's hall, killing him along with all of his men. She tries to drown herself by jumping into the sea with an armful of stones. The waves find her revenge fitting, however, and instead of drowning her, they carry her to Sweden, where she marries another king, Jónakr, with whom she has three sons Hamdir, Sörli and Erp. Svanhild, her daughter by Sigurd, is wooed by Ermanaric, but is accused wrongly of adultery and is killed by her husband. Gudrun also has a son by Sigurd, named Sigmund (named after Sigurd's father). Subsequently, her three sons are killed when they avenge Svanhild (see Jonakr's sons).

In the southern version of the saga, Gudrun, here Kriemhild, kills her brothers to get back the Nibelung gold, and is killed in turn by Dietrich von Bern.

A south German / Austrian epic also has a principal female character called Kudrun (a variant of Gudrun), but her story is quite different.

Some scholars argue that the character of Kriemhild may have been partly inspired by certain historical figures, including Brunhilda of Austrasia, wife to the Frankish King Sigebert I; Ildiko (or Hildico), last wife to Attila the Hun; and Fredegund, wife to the Frankish king Chilperic I.

The Wild Hunt

Main article: Wild Hunt

In the legend of the Wild Hunt, Gudhrun Gjúkadottir is referred to as Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail").

Popular culture

• In 1924, Fritz Lang and Thea von Harbou produced Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache (Die Nibelungen: Kriemhild's Revenge). Kriemhild was played by actress Margarete Schön.
• In the 2005 TV epic Ring of the Nibelungs, American actress Alicia Witt played Kriemhild in an adaptation of the Nibelungenlied saga.
• Gudrun plays a very prominent role in J. R. R. Tolkien's adaptation of the Völsung legend, The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún, released for publication in May 2009.
• In the 2011 TV anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica, the witch form of Kaname Madoka named "Kriemhild Gretchen". She has the power that can destroy the world within ten days.

Family relations

• Gjuki (father)
• Grimhild (mother)
• Gunnar (brother)
• Hogni (brother)
• Gudny/Gullrond (sister; rarely mentioned)
• Gotthorm (maternal half-brother; slayer of Sigurd)
• Brynhild (sister-in-law; sister of Attila, wife of Gunnar)
• Sigurd (first husband)
• Sigmund (son with Sigurd; murdered at Brynhild's behest)
• Svanhild (daughter with Sigurd)
• Erp (son with Attila)
• Eitil (son with Attila)
• Jonkar (third husband)
• Hamdir (son with Jonkar)
• Sorli (son with Jonkar)
• Erp (son with Jonkar)
• Hniflung (nephew via Hogni; helped her kill Attila)
• Solar (nephew via Hogni; mentioned in Atlakvitha En Grönlenzka)
• Snævar (nephew via Hogni; mentioned in Atlakvitha En Grönlenzka)
• Gjuki (nephew via Hogni; mentioned in Drap Niflunga)