This is a good article. Click here for more information.

Desert Inn

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

This article is about the hotel and casino in Las Vegas. For the hotel in Yeehaw Junction, Florida, see Desert Inn and Restaurant. For the song of the same name by Yello, see Stella (album).
Desert Inn Hotel and Casino
150px
The Desert Inn Vegas 1968.jpg
The Desert Inn facade in 1968
Desert Inn Hotel and Casino is located in Downtown Las Vegas
Desert Inn Hotel and Casino
Location Paradise, Nevada
Address 3145 Las Vegas Blvd South
Las Vegas, NV 89109
Opening date April 24, 1950
Closing date August 28, 2000
Theme Oasis
Number of rooms 715
Total gaming space 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m2)
Casino type Land
Owner 1964–1967 Moe Dalitz
1967–1988 Howard Hughes
1988–1993 Kirk Kerkorian
1993–1998 ITT / Sheraton
1998–2000 Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc.
2000 Steve Wynn[1]
Previous names Wilbur Clark's Desert Inn, Sheraton Desert Inn
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

The Desert Inn, also known as the D.I., was a casino hotel on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, which operated from April 24, 1950, to August 28, 2000. Designed by New York architect Jac Lessman, it was the fifth resort to open on the Strip. It was situated between Desert Inn Road and Sands Avenue.

The Desert Inn opened with 300 rooms and the Sky Room restaurant, headed by a chef formerly of the Ritz Paris, which once had the highest vantage point on the Las Vegas Strip. The casino, at 2,400 square feet (220 m2), was one of the largest in Nevada at the time. The 9-storey St. Andrews Tower was completed during the first renovation in 1963, and the 14-storey Augusta Tower became the Desert Inn's main tower when it was completed in 1978 along with the seven-story Wimbledon Tower. The Desert Inn was the first hotel in Las Vegas to feature a fountain at the entrance. In 1997, the Desert Inn underwent a $200 million renovation and expansion, but after it was purchased for $270 million by Steve Wynn in 2000, he decided to demolish it and build a new hotel and resort. The remaining towers of the Desert Inn were imploded in 2004. Today, the Wynn stands where the hotel once stood.

The original performance venue at the Desert Inn was the Painted Desert Room, later the Crystal Room, which opened in 1950 with 450 seats. Frank Sinatra made his Las Vegas debut there on September 13, 1951 and became a regular performer. The property included an 18-hole golf course which hosted the PGA Tour Tournament of Champions from 1953 to 1966. The golf course is now a part of the Wynn resort.

History

File:Desert Inn pool 1955.jpg
The pool in 1955
File:Desert Inn front 1956.jpg
The hotel in 1956

The hotel was situated at 3145 Las Vegas Boulevard South, between Desert Inn Road and Sands Avenue.[2] The original name for many years was Wilbur Clark's Desert Inn. Wilbur Clark, described by Frank Sinatra biographer James Kaplan as a "onetime San Diego bellhop and Reno craps dealer",[3] originally began building the resort with his brother in 1947 with $250,000, but he ran out of money. Author Hal Rothman notes that "for nearly two years the framed structure sat in the hot desert sun, looking more like an ancient relic than a nascent casino".[4] Clark approached the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for investment, but they were struggling financially. In 1949, he met with Moe Dalitz, the head of the notorious Cleveland gang, the Mayfield Road Mob, and Dalitz agreed to fund 75% of the project with $1.3 million, and construction resumed.[4] Much of the financing came from the American National Insurance Company (ANICO),[5] though Clark became the public frontman of the resort while Dalitz remained quietly in the background as the principal owner. The resort would eventually be renamed Desert Inn, and was affectionately called the "D.I." by Las Vegas locals and regular guests.[6]

The Desert Inn opened formally on April 24, 1950,[7] at a two-day gala which was heavily publicized nationally. Journalists from all of the major newspapers and magazines were invited, and the hotel paid $5,700 to cover air tickets. 150 invitations were sent out by Clark to VIPs with a credit limit of $10,000. About half the attendees at the opening were from California and Nevada. At the opening show in the Painted Desert Room were performers such as Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy, Vivian Blaine, Pat Patrick, The Donn Arden Dancers, Van Heflin, Abbott and Costello and the Desert Inn Orchestra, led by Ray Noble.[8] In attendance were a number of mafiosi, including Black Bill Tocco, Joe Massei, Sam Maceo, Peter Licavoli and Frank Malone in a gala which Barbara Greenspun believed marked the beginning of heavy involvement of the mafia in the development of Las Vegas.[9] Sidney Korshak was one of its early investors.[9]

The Desert Inn became known for its "opulence" and top-notch service.[10] The first manager of the Desert Inn had previously worked as the manager at the Clift Hotel in San Francisco.[6] Lew and Edie Wasserman were frequent guests of the hotel.[11] During the 1950s, the hotel often hosted the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, Winston Churchill, Adlai Stevenson, Senator John F. Kennedy, and former President Harry S. Truman.[10]

In 1959, Lawrence Wien, owner of New York City's Plaza Hotel purchased the hotel, but signed a management deal for Clark to remain as manager.[12] In the early 1960s, the mafia-financed casino hotels of the Las Vegas Strip and Nevada came under close scrutiny by the FBI, and they placed increased pressure on the Nevada Gaming Control Board to force the mobsters out of Las Vegas. After Sam Giancana was spotted on the premises of Frank Sinatra's Cal Neva Lodge & Casino at Lake Tahoe, his gambling license was removed by the Board and he was forced to sell up and forfeit his share in the Sands Hotel and Casino.[13][14] The Desert Inn faced similar scrutiny by the FBI, attracting controversy at the same time for the involvement of Dalitz and his mobster associates,[15] but simultaneously called for the prosecution of the FBI for illegal wiretapping.[16] In 1964, Clark sold his remaining share in the hotel to Dalitz and business associates Morris Kleinman, Thomas McGinty and Sam Tucker. He died of a heart attack the following year. The bell captain of the Desert Inn, Jack Butler, remembered Clark: "Wilbur was the greatest guy. Without him this town never would've got off the ground. Everyone came into the club just to see him and he was all over the postcards. He was the only boss who would agree to have his picture taken".[17]

File:Desert Inn pool 1972.jpg
The hotel in 1972

The Desert Inn's most famous guest, businessman Howard Hughes, arrived on Thanksgiving Day 1966, renting the hotel's entire top two floors.[18] After staying past his initial ten-day reservation, he was asked to leave in December so that the resort could accommodate the high rollers who were expected for New Year's Eve. Instead of leaving, Hughes started negotiations to buy the Desert Inn.[19] On March 27, 1967,[20] Hughes purchased the resort from Dalitz for $6.2 million in cash and $7 million in loans.[18] This was the first of many Las Vegas resort purchases by Hughes, including the Sands Hotel and Casino ($14.6 million) and the Frontier Hotel and Casino ($23 million).[19] However, Hughes refused to include the PGA Tour Tournament of Champions in the deal, so Dalitz moved the tournament to his Stardust Resort and Casino in 1967 and 1968.[21]

The reclusive Hughes continued to live in his penthouse suite at the Desert Inn for four years, never leaving his 250 square feet (23 m2) bedroom. Usually unclothed, he spent his time "negotiating purchases and business deals with the curtains drawn and windows and doors sealed shut with tape", and did not allow anyone from the hotel staff to come in and clean his room.[18] On the eve of Thanksgiving 1970, he was removed from his room on a stretcher and flown to the Bahamas.[19] After Hughes's death in 1976, the hotel remained under the Summa Corporation, who completed the extensive renovation that he had ordered.[8] Summa sold the hotel to Kirk Kerkorian and the Tracinda Corporation in 1986, and it became known as the MGM Desert Inn. Kerkorian sold it to ITT-Sheraton in 1993 for $160 million.[8]

Modern history

File:Desert Inn.JPG
The Desert Inn in its last years (1997–2000)

In 1992, Frank Sinatra celebrated his 77th birthday at the hotel in an event which generated much media attention. Dick Taylor, the CEO of public relations firm Rogers & Cowan recalled: "We had the stars assemble in the casino's presidential suite and then took them in limos to the entrance of the hotel, where the press and hundreds of fans were gathered, like a Hollywood movie premiere. The stars were interviewed on the red carpet and in they went to the famed Crystal Room. It was a very big deal."[22]

File:Desert Inn golf 1970.jpg
The golf course, which was retained with the opening of Wynn Las Vegas

In 1997, the Desert Inn underwent a $200 million renovation and expansion,[23] and it was sold the following year to Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide.[8] Due to losing money, Starwood immediately put the hotel back up for sale, and sold it to Sun International Hotels Ltd. on May 19, 1999 for $275 million.[8][24] That year, Sinatra's and the Rat Pack's estate managers, Sheffield Enterprises Inc., sued the Desert Inn, claiming an infringement of rights in their use of Sinatra's name and persona in its advertising and sales, including the words "Frank", "Ol' Blue Eyes," "the chairman of the Board" and "The Rat Pack". Sinatra's estate specifically objected to their use in "billboard advertising, marquees, alcoholic beverages and wine menus, and on the front and back of tee-shirts and caps at its gift shop" and alleged photographs of Sinatra and his signature on the walls behind the bar near the entrance to the Starlight Lounge of the Desert Inn.[25]

The Desert Inn celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 24, 2000. Celebrations were held for a week and a celebrity golf tournament was held with the likes of Robert Loggia, Chris O'Donnell, Robert Urich, Susan Anton, Vincent Van Patten and Tony Curtis. As part of the festivities, a time capsule was buried in a granite burial chamber on April 25, to be reopened on April 25, 2050.[8] Three days later, on April 27, the resort was purchased for $270 million by Steve Wynn. Wynn closed the Desert Inn at 2:00 a.m. on August 28, 2000.[8]

On October 23, 2001, the Augusta Tower, the Desert Inn's southernmost building,[26] was imploded to make room for a mega resort that Wynn planned to build.[27] Coming a month after the September 11 attacks, the implosion was marked with less fanfare than previous Las Vegas demolition spectacles due to its similarity to the implosion of the Twin Towers.[28] Originally intended to be named Le Rêve, the new project opened as Wynn Las Vegas. The remaining St. Andrews Tower was temporarily used as the Wynn Gallery, spanning 1,316 square feet (122.3 m2) to display some of Wynn's art collection.[29] The St. Andrews Tower and Palm Tower were finally imploded on November 16, 2004.[30]

Architecture and features

File:Desert Inn pool 1954.jpg
The hotel in 1954

The initial hotel, a $6.5 million property set in 200 acres, was designed by Wayne McAllister and Hugh Taylor, with interiors by noted New York architect Jac Lessman.[10][31] The property conveyed the image of a "southwestern spa"[32] that was "half ranch house, half nightclub".[10] It was built of "cinder blocks but trimmed with sandstone and finished throughout the inside with redwood".[6] The logo of the hotel was a Joshua tree cactus.[3] The driveway into the hotel passed under an "old-fashioned ranch sign" bearing the name Wilbur Clark's Desert Inn in scripted letters.[10] The Desert Inn was the first hotel in Las Vegas to feature a fountain at the entrance. A "Dancing Waters" show involved the fountain jets choreographed to music.[6]

The interior of the hotel was finished in redwood with flagstone flooring.[10] The public space included a registration area, a casino, two bars, a coffee shop, a restaurant, various commercial shops and services, and a broadcasting station for K-RAM radio.[10] Guest rooms were located in wings situated behind the main building, surrounding the figure-eight swimming pool.[10] The hotel originally had 300 rooms, each outfitted with air conditioning with individual thermostats.[6][15]

The lounge was located in a three-story, glass-sided tower at the front of the hotel known as the Sky Room, which was the largest structure on the Strip at the time of its construction and commanded views of the mountains and desert all around, as well as overlooked the "Dancing Waters" feature.[10][15] The Sky Room restaurant was headed by a chef formerly of the Ritz Paris.[6]

Young women at the hotel pool in 1955

The original performance venue at the Desert Inn was the 450 seat Painted Desert Room, later the Crystal Room, which opened in 1950 with 450 seats. Charles Cobelle created the handpainted murals, and a "band car" was used to move the orchestra within the showroom.[33] Next door was a restaurant, the Cactus Room. The Kachina Doll Ranch was a supervised play area for guests' children.[34] The hotel had a ladies salon and health club from the outset.[7] Another performance venue at the hotel was the Lady Luck Lounge.[35]

File:1970 Desert Inn.jpg
The hotel in 1970

The hotel first underwent renovation in the early 1960s, during which the St. Andrews Tower was built in 1963.[36] In the 1970s, the hotel underwent a $54-million renovation under Howard Hughes, which resumed under the responsibility of the Summa Corporation after his death in 1976.[8] The 14-story Augusta Tower became the Desert Inn's main tower when it was completed in 1978. The seven-story Wimbledon Tower contained duplex suites,[2] and resembled a modern version of a Mayan pyramid.[37] It overlooked the golf course and was built at the same time,[38] bringing the total room count to 825.[39] By 1978, most of the 1950s structures on the property had been replaced with modern buildings[39] and the property was renamed the Desert Inn and Country Club. It featured full country club amenities open to guests of the hotel, including a club house, driving range, pro shop, restaurant and lounge at the golf club; 10 tournament-class outdoor tennis courts; and a 18,000 feet (5,500 m) spa.[40][39] Three restaurants were added: the "small, intimate" Monte Carlo Room, the "gourmet" Portofino Room, and the Ho Wan Chinese restaurant.[39] At the time of its sale to ITT-Sheraton in 1993, the Desert Inn had the largest frontage of any casino hotel on the Las Vegas Strip, measuring 1,700 feet (520 m) feet.[41]

In 1997, the Desert Inn underwent a $200 million renovation and expansion by Steelman Partners,[23] giving it a new Mediterranean-looking exterior with white stucco and red clay tile roofs.[42][43] The room count was reduced to 715 to provide more luxurious accommodations.[39] The nine-story Palm Tower was completed, the lagoon-style pool was added, and notable changes were made to the Grand Lobby Atrium, Starlight Lounge, Villas Del Lago, and new golf shop and country club.[39][8] The seven-story lobby, fully built in marble,[42] was also a major part of the renovation.[8]

Casino

At its opening in 1950, the casino, at 2,400 square feet (220 m2), was one of the largest in Nevada at the time.[7] The windowless room included "five crap tables, three roulette wheels, four black jack tables and 75 slot machines", together with a sportsbook.[10] Hundreds of coin-operated gambling machines – including slot machines, video poker, 21, and keno – were installed during the 1978 renovation.[39] The casino acquired a reputation for attracting the high rollers.[44] On January 27, 2000, the Megabucks jackpot record for Las Vegas was broken when $34,955,489 was won by an anonymous gambler at the Desert Inn, playing a bank of six Megabucks machines near the hotel's coffee shop.[45]

Golf course and country club

File:Ed Sullivan Red Skelton Wilbur Clark Desert Inn Las Vegas 1959.JPG
(L. to r.) Ed Sullivan, Red Skelton and Wilbur Clark playing golf at the hotel in June 1959

The 18-hole, par-72[40] Desert Inn Golf Club opened in 1952. Initially, Dalitz had pushed the idea of opening a golf course next to the hotel with an entrance off the Strip, which would be accessible to other hotels and boost the city's profile as a resort destination. When other hotel owners rejected this idea, Dalitz built the course on the hotel premises.[46] He also opened an outdoor dining area, to accommodate golfers and swimmers who might prefer a more informal atmosphere.[47] The course hosted the PGA Tour Tournament of Champions from 1953 to 1966,[36] attracting professional golfers such as Sam Snead, Arnold Palmer, and Jack Nicklaus.[46] Allard Roen was director of the tournament for many years, and was instrumental in breaking down the racial barrier on the Strip. He broke the all-white club convention by permitting Sammy Davis, Jr. to play on the course.[48] From 1958 it hosted the Golf Cup Golf Tournament, the largest tournament in the world for amateur golfers.[49]

File:Morelli House State Historical Marker No. 270.JPG
State Historical Marker in front of the relocated Morelli House

According to the Las Vegas Sun, the course "held the distinction of being the only golf course in the United States to have annually hosted three championship tour events – the PGA Tour's Las Vegas Invitational, the Las Vegas Senior Classic and the LPGA Las Vegas International".[49] The Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational, now the Las Vegas Invitational, returned to the Desert Inn in 1983, and became known as the wealthiest PGA event in the world. It has since been won by the likes of Fuzzy Zoeller, Curtis Strange, Greg Norman, and Paul Azinger. The Las Vegas Senior Classic event at the Desert Inn was added to the Senior PGA Tour in 1986, and has since been won by Bruce Crampton (1986), Al Geiberger, who equaled the course record at the time of 62 (1987), Larry Mowry (1988) and Lee Trevino (1992).[49]

Wilbur Clark was the first to build a home on the golf course in the 1950s.[10] Additional homes were added to the Desert Inn Country Club Estates from the 1960s on. During his ownership of the hotel, Howard Hughes built 100 residential units on the property.[50] After Steve Wynn purchased the resort in 2000 and announced that the real estate was too valuable to leave as a golf course, homeowners were forced to sell their properties to Wynn and his property developer Irwin Molasky. Molasky bought homes closest to the golf course for $2 million each, and homes on the perimeter of the resort for $900,000 to $1.2 million each. The Junior League of Las Vegas convinced Wynn to save one house from demolition and moved it to a lot in downtown Las Vegas to serve as its headquarters.[51][52] This was the Morelli House, designed by Antonio Morelli, a "rare example of modernist architecture in Las Vegas".[52] The house was subsequently listed on the City, State, and National Register of Historic Places.

Performances

File:Desert Inn Crystal Room Hello America Revue 1967.jpg
The Hello America Revue in the Crystal Room of the Desert Inn, 1967

Almost every major star of the latter half of the 20th century played at the Desert Inn. Frank Sinatra made his Las Vegas debut at the Desert Inn on September 13, 1951. He later said of it: "Wilbur Clark gave me my first job in Las Vegas. That was in 1951. For six bucks you got a filet mignon dinner and me".[9] Noël Coward performed at the Inn on one occasion for an entire month.[6] In 1954, after a performance at the Desert Inn, Betty Hutton announced one of her several retirements.[53] Eddie Fisher was heckled by a disguised Elizabeth Taylor during a 1961 performance,[54] in a year which saw Dinah Shore booked for her fourth performance and debut Vegas performances at the Desert Inn by both Benny Goodman and Rosemary Clooney.[55] In 1979, Jet magazine noted that Wayne Newton was "enthroned" at the Desert inn as king of entertainment idols", earning $10 million a year, which made him the highest-paid nightclub performer of all time.[56] Other performers in its famous "crystal showroom" over the years included Patti Page,[57] Ted Lewis,[35] Joe E. Lewis,[58] Bobby Darin,[59] Jimmy Durante,[15] Tony Bennett,[60] Paul Anka,[61] Dionne Warwick,[62] Louise Mandrell,[63] and more.

Louis Prima and Keely Smith recorded their 1960 Dot Records LP On Stage live at the Desert Inn.[64] Bobby Darin's famous album Live! At the Desert Inn was recorded at the hotel in February 1971.[59] In 1992, a week-long celebration of Frank Sinatra's 77th birthday at the Desert Inn was held[65] and later in January it was announced that Sinatra, Liza Minnelli, Paul Anka, Shirley MacLaine, Dean Martin, Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme had all signed a two-year engagement agreeing to perform at least five weeks annually.[66]

Film and television

File:Front of Desert Inn 1955.jpg
Classic image of Wilbur Clark's Desert Inn, 1955

The 1960 film version of Ocean's 11 was shot at the Desert Inn. It is one of the five Las Vegas hotels robbed on New Year's Eve by the characters played by Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and others in the film.[67] Orson Welles' film F for Fake covers, among other topics, the scandal of a fake biography of Howard Hughes, and the billionaire's Desert Inn residence is illustrated by Welles.[68] In the 1985 film Lost in America, Julie Hagerty's character Linda Howard loses the couple's "nest egg" at the Desert Inn, leading to a memorable scene in which Albert Brooks' character David Howard tries to convince the Casino manager (Garry Marshall) to give them their money back. David, an ad man, proposes a campaign centered around the generosity of the casino in his case, replete with a jingle: "The Desert Inn has heart... The Desert Inn has heart."[69] The opening scene to the 1993 film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit took place in the Grand Ballroom of the Hotel.[70] The Desert Inn saw its last commercial use in the 2001 film Rush Hour 2, shortly before it was imploded.[71] It was converted into the "Red Dragon", an Asian-themed casino set.[72]

The hotel served as the primary backdrop for the TV show Vega$ which aired on ABC from 1978 to 1981.[73][74] The 1980s Aaron Spelling soap opera Dynasty included footage of the hotel, and use of the Presidential Suite.[75] The hit 1980s NBC TV series, Remington Steele, filmed their 60th Las Vegas-set episode at the inn, where both the exterior and interior are shown regularly throughout the episode.[76]

Legacy

<templatestyles src="Template:Quote_box/styles.css" />

"Long time residents were stunned. They had endured the loss of the Dunes, the Sands, the Aladdin, the Landmark and the Hacienda but the loss of the Desert Inn seemed to hit many of them on more personal level. Perhaps it was that the Desert Inn had been the favored place for locals to go to for dancing and dining. Perhaps it was all the myth surrounding Wilbur Clark, Moe Dalitz and Howard Hughes. Or maybe it was that long time residents were beginning to realize that their town was forever changing and would never again be that small, wonderful Entertainment Capital of the World where you could see Sinatra and the Rat Pack or Elvis for dinner and drinks."

—Wilbur Clark's Desert Inn Hotel History[51]

The closure of the Desert Inn in 2000 and subsequent demolition was unpopular with many as it seemed to mark the end of old Las Vegas. Historian Michael Green stated: "To a lot of people outside of Las Vegas, these two places (the Desert Inn and the Sands) really meant Las Vegas. These were the places that represent the images of Las Vegas, in a far greater way than the Dunes, the Aladdin, the Hacienda and the Landmark".[77] Robert Maheu, Howard Hughes's publicist for many years, remarked that the "Desert Inn was the gem of Las Vegas". The hotel remained popular with locals until the end, as the heavily tourism-driven modern Las Vegas emerged in the 1990s.[78]

Desert Inn Road, an east-west Las Vegas Valley roadway, still exists. It is the only major east-west surface street on the Strip that does not connect to Las Vegas Boulevard.[79]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bulkin 1996, p. 49.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kaplan 2010, p. 242.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rothman 2015, p. 13.
  5. ↑ Denton & Morris 2010, p. 62.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Fox 2007, p. 31.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Russo 2008, p. 206.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Russo 2008, p. 207.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Russo 2008, p. 208.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  13. ↑ Kelley 1986, pp. 363–364.
  14. ↑ Waldman & Donovan 1999, p. 139.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Davies 1999, p. 39.
  21. ↑ Davies 1999, pp. 39–40.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Garman 2010, p. 278.
  28. ↑ Easterling 2005, p. 160.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Moehring 2003, pp. 14–15.
  33. ↑ Zook et al. 2009, p. 134.
  34. ↑ Architect and Engineer 1950, p. 15.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Wood, Lanier & Zoeller 1992, p. 149.
  38. ↑ Castleman 1999, p. 84.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Davies 1999, p. 32.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Moehring 2003, p. 55.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Winchell 1975, p. 236.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 DiOrio 1981, p. 199.
  60. ↑ Evanier 2011, p. 239.
  61. ↑ Weatherford 2001, p. 40.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Roemer 1990, p. 100.
  64. ↑ Larkin 2002, p. 342.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  67. ↑ Davis & Pierce 2014, p. 86.
  68. ↑ Graver & Rausch 2011, p. 76.
  69. ↑ Rothman & Davis 2002, pp. 49–51.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Parker & Munier 2010, p. 169.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Spelling & Liftin 2009, p. 29.
  74. ↑ Clarke 2004, p. 178.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Sources

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Desert_Inn&oldid=3825284"