Cyclic peptide

File:Alpha-amanitin structure.png

α-Amanitin

File:Bacitracin.svg

bacitracin

cyclosporine

Cyclic peptides (or cyclic proteins) are polypeptide chains wherein the amino termini and carboxyl termini, amino termini and side chain, carboxyl termini and side chain, or side chain and side chain are linked with a covalent bond that generates the ring. A number of cyclic peptides have been discovered in nature and a plethora have been synthesized in the laboratory. Their length ranges from just two amino acid residues to hundreds. These cyclic peptides have several applications in medicine and biology.

Classification of cyclic peptides

Cyclic peptides can be classified according to the types of bonds that comprise the ring.

• Homodetic cyclic peptides, such as cyclosporine A, are those in which the ring is composed exclusively of normal peptide bonds (i.e. between the alpha carboxyl of one residue to the alpha amine of another). The smallest such species are 2,5-diketopiperazines, being derived from the cyclisation of a dipeptide.
• Cyclic isopeptides contain at least one non-alpha amide linkage, such as a linkage between the side chain of one residue to the alpha carboxyl group of another residue, as in microcystin and bacitracin.
• Cyclic depsipeptides, such as aureobasidin A and HUN-7293, have at least one lactone (ester) linkage in place of one of the amides. Some cyclic depsipeptides are cyclized between the C-terminal carboxyl and the side chain of a Thr or Ser residue in the chain, such as kahalalide F, theonellapeptolide, and didemnin B.
• Bicyclic peptides such as the amatoxin amanitin and the phallotoxin phalloidin contain a bridging group, generally between two of the side chains. In the amatoxins, this bridge is formed as a thioether between the Trp and Cys residues. Other bicyclic peptides include echinomycin, triostin A, and Celogentin C. There are a number of cyclic peptide hormones which are cyclized through a disulfide bond between two cysteines, as in somatostatin and oxytocin.

Biosynthesis and applications

One interesting property of cyclic peptides is that they tend to be extremely resistant to the process of digestion, enabling them to survive in the human digestive tract. This trait makes cyclic peptides attractive to designers of protein-based drugs that may be used as scaffolds which, in theory, could be engineered to incorporate any arbitrary protein domain of medicinal value, in order to allow those components to be delivered orally. This is especially important for delivery of other proteins that would be destroyed without such implementation. Cyclic peptides are also "rigid" compared to the corresponding linear peptides, and this attribute promotes binding by removing the "entropic penalty".

Examples include:

• amanitins
• bacitracin
• colistin
• cyclosporine
• microcystins
• dactinomycin
• daptomycin
• gramicidin S
• vancomycin
• hymenistatin
• nisin
• polymyxin b
• pristinamycin
• octreotide
• valinomycin (technically a depsipeptide)
• viscumamide
• yunnanin A
• nodularin

See also

• Nonribosomal peptide

External links

• Cybase
• Cyclic Peptides at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)