Battle of São Vicente
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The Battle of São Vicente was a minor naval engagement that took place off Sao Vincente, Portuguese Brazil on 3 February 1583 during the Anglo–Spanish War between three English ships (including two galleons), and three Spanish galleons.[1] The English under Edward Fenton on an expedition having failed to enter the Pacific, then attempted to trade off Portuguese Brazil but were intercepted by a detached Spanish squadron under Commodore Andrés de Equino.[2] After a moonlit battle briefly interrupted by a rainstorm the Spanish were defeated with one galleon sunk and another heavily damaged along with heavy losses.[3][4] Fenton then attempted to resume trading but without much success and thus returned to England.[5][6]
Contents
Background
In June 1582 after a troublesome delay, an English expedition had set off to reach the South China Sea via the Cape of Good Hope on a voyage of exploration.[7] Their commander was Captain Edward Fenton with his 400-ton flagship galleon Leicester (ex-galleon Bear) under second-in-command Sir William Hawkins Jr (the nephew of Sir John Hawkins).[8] Following Fenton was the 300-ton vice-flagship Edward Bonaventure under Luke Warde; the 50-ton pinnace Elizabeth under Thomas Skevington and the 40-ton bark Francis under John Drake (Sir Francis Drake’s nephew).[7] The fleets chaplain Richard Madox recorded the events of the voyage in a diary.[4]
On 11 December 1582 Fenton arrived off Portuguese Brazil, the original plan having been changed with the hope of going through the Straits of Magellan instead of the Cape.[9] On 17 December, after having refreshed with victuals ashore the English sighted and then captured the 46-ton Spanish bark Nuestra Señora de Piedad.[10] The ship was bound from Brazil towards the River Plate with twenty one settlers under Francisco de Vera.[4] From the Spaniard they had learned of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa's departure from Rio de Janeiro to fortify the Strait of Magellan.[8] Three days later the English released their prize and by the 31st were unsure of being able to win past Sarmiento’s new settlement in the Strait.[9] Fenton after heated discussion with Hawkins reversed course the same evening, and headed north towards São Vicente hoping to do trade with the settlers there.[11] The same night a storm dispersed the ships resulting in the loss of John Drake’s eighteen man Francis never to be seen or heard of again.[2]
On 30 January 1583 Fenton reached the bay of São Vicente with Leicester, Edward Bonaventure and Elizabeth, and were in talks with the Portuguese residents of nearby Santos.[8] Trade was refused on the account that Spain would react to this as hostile as they were now in Union; Fenton then went on to São Vicente itself hoping for better fortune.[7]
Battle
On the 3rd February three Spanish galleons; the largest being the 500 ton San Juan Bautista, the 400 ton Santa María de Begona and the 300 ton Concepción, entered the bay of São Vicente.[12][13] They had been detached from the fleet of Diego Flores Valdez's (Sarmiento's second in command) fleet at Santa Catarina Island to return to Rio de Janeiro.[8] Led by Commodore Andrés de Equino, they had some of the sick and injured from the Spanish expedition.[14] They knew of the presence of the English ships by way having caught up with the Piedad that had been released by them.[8]
At 11 pm in the moonlight, Equino had cleared for battle, stood in and bore down upon the three English ships.[8] The English were surprised with many still on shore in the dark but as the Spanish approached, they placed and anchored themselves in seven fathoms of water just off a sandbar.[15] Spanish combat tactics during this time was an attempt to grapple and then board.[11] English tactics on the other hand was the heavy use of firepower to batter opponents into submission.[4]
The Leicester being the main ship that stood the nearest as they approached opened a heavy fire.[3] The Spanish ships were repelled and then tried to pass Leicester and move onto the next ship Edward Bonaventure.[4] They were again repelled with heavy fire from the English cannons.[12] The moonlit exchange continued with the English ships standing their ground and repelling the Spanish until about 4 am, when a rainstorm interrupted the battle.[8] The Spanish ceased fire and moved off to effect repairs, with the English doing the same and collecting the rest of the men onshore.[14]
Both sides had no idea what damage they had done to each other until dawn broke the next day; the English as a result of their firepower could then see that the Spanish ship Begonia had sunk[13] revealing only her masts in the shallow water.[12] This time in daylight at 10 am Equino’s two galleons attacked but were repelled again by the anchored English ships.[15][3]
Finally the Spaniards with rising casualties and a lack of ammunition then broke off the fight then stood out to sea before retreating down the Santos river.[12][2] Fenton's ships also running low on ammunition had been victorious and stayed put on the bar for the time being.[11][14]
Aftermath
The battle had only cost eight Englishmen killed and twenty injured and only moderate damage to their ships.[3][16] An Indian who went aboard the Leicester told Fenton that the Spanish who had landed at Santos further down had suffered heavily.[4] As well as Begonia sunk with the loss of thirty two men killed,[13] the galleon Concepción was heavily damaged bringing the total to nearly a hundred dead and many more wounded.[11] The Indian also said that the Spanish had carried the casualties to the shore in three small boats a number of times.[14]
Fenton's ships stayed at São Vicente for only the rest of the day trying to at least to do some trade but the Portuguese answer was the same as before.[10] Fenton fearing more Spanish ships then moved off to Espirito Santo where news of the battle had been received but with mixed feelings with the populace; trade was again refused.[17] Disappointed; Fenton realized that trade with the Portuguese here was at an end.[5] With supplies running low and quarrels with Hawkins decided to sail for England.[2]
Warde’s Edward Bonaventure got separated from its consorts on 8 February and sailed alone towards England.[8] After touching at Fernando de Noronha Island; Fenton then reached Salvador to refresh before returning to England.[3] Richard Maddox died on the 27th but his diary proved invaluable and is now preserved at the British Museum.[18]
References
- Citations
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Andrews 1984, pp. 163-64.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Bradley 2010, pp. 377-79.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, iii. 757.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Portuguese)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Taylor, Eva G. R. (1959) pp 50-59
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Marley 2008, pp. 113-14.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bradley 2010, pp. 374-76.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dutra 1980, p. 130.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Bicheno 2012, p. 170.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Martin & Wignall 1975, p. 256.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Fernández Duro, Cesáreo: Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de Aragón. Vol. II. Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, p. 365 (Spanish)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Dean 2013, p. 153.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ebert 2008, p. 142.
- ↑ Boas 2013, p. 160.
- Bibliography
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- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- Pages with reference errors
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- Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
- Conflicts in 1583
- Naval battles involving Spain
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- Colonial Brazil
- 1583 in the British Empire
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