Athlon 64 X2

Athlon 64 X2
Produced	From 2005
Marketed by	AMD
Designed by	AMD
Common manufacturer(s)	GlobalFoundries formerly AMD Fab 36;
Max. CPU clock rate	1.9 GHz to 3.2 GHz
HyperTransport speeds	1 GHz to 1.8 GHz
Min. feature size	90 nm to 65 nm
Instruction set	MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, x86-64, 3DNow!
Microarchitecture	K8 Microarchitecture ("Kuma" based models are K10 derived)
Cores	2
Socket(s)	Socket 939; Socket AM2; Socket AM2+(Kuma based models only);

The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core desktop CPU designed by AMD. It was designed from scratch as native dual-core by using an already multi-CPU enabled Athlon 64, joining it with another functional core on one die, and connecting both via a shared dual-channel memory controller/north bridge and additional control logic. The initial versions are based on the E-stepping model of the Athlon 64 and, depending on the model, have either 512 or 1024 KB of L2 Cache per core. The Athlon 64 X2 is capable of decoding SSE3 instructions (except those few specific to Intel's architecture).

In June 2007, AMD released low-voltage variants of their low-end 65 nm Athlon 64 X2, named "Athlon X2".^[1] The Athlon X2 processors feature reduced TDP of 45 W.^[2] The name was also used for K10 based budget CPUs with two cores deactivated.

Multithreading

The primary benefit of dual-core processors (like the Athlon 64 X2) over single-core processors is their ability to process more software threads at the same time. The ability of processors to execute multiple threads simultaneously is called thread-level parallelism (TLP). By placing two cores on the same die, the X2 effectively doubles the TLP over a single-core Athlon 64 of the same speed. The need for TLP processing capability is dependent on the situation to a great degree, and certain situations benefit from it far more than others. Certain programs are currently written for only one thread, and are therefore unable to utilize the processing power of the second core.

Programs often written with multiple threads and capable of utilizing dual-cores include many music and video encoding applications, and especially professional rendering programs. High TLP applications currently correspond to server/workstation situations more than the typical desktop. These applications can realize almost twice the performance of a single-core Athlon 64 of the same specifications. Multi-tasking also runs a sizable number of threads; intense multi-tasking scenarios have actually shown improvements of considerably more than two times.^[3] This is primarily due to the excessive overhead caused by constantly switching threads, and could potentially be improved by adjustments to operating system scheduling code.

In the consumer segment of the market as well, the X2 improves upon the performance of the original Athlon 64, especially for multi-threaded software applications.

Manufacturing costs

Having two cores, the Athlon 64 X2 has an increased number of transistors. The 1 MB L2 cache 90 nm Athlon 64 X2 processor is 219 mm² in size with 243 million transistors ^[4] whereas its 1 MB L2 cache 90 nm Athlon 64 counterpart is 103.1 mm² and has 164 million transistors.^[5] The 65 nm Athlon 64 X2 with only 512 KB L2 per Core reduced this to 118 mm² with 221 million transistors compared to the 65 nm Athlon 64 with 77.2 mm² and 122 million transistors. As a result, a larger area of silicon must be defect free. These size requirements necessitate a more complex fabrication process, which further adds to the production of fewer functional processors per single silicon wafer. This lower yield makes the X2 more expensive to produce than the single-core processor.

In the middle of June 2006 AMD stated that they would no longer make any non-FX Athlon 64 or Athlon 64 X2 models with 1 MB L2 caches.^[6]^{[not in citation given]} This led to only a small production number of the Socket-AM2 Athlon 64 X2 with 1 MB L2 cache per core, known as 4000+, 4400+, 4800+, and 5200+. The Athlon 64 X2 with 512 KB per core, known as 3800+, 4200+, 4600+, and 5000+, were produced in far greater numbers. The introduction of the F3 stepping then saw several models with 1 MB L2 cache per core as production refinements resulted in an increased yield.

CPU cores

Athlon 64 X2

AMD Athlon X2 processor family
AMD K9	Desktop
AMD K9	Code-named	Core	Date released
	Manchester Toledo Windsor	dual (90 nm) dual (90 nm) dual (90 nm)	May 2005 May 2005 May 2006
	Toledo Windsor	dual (90 nm) dual (90 nm)	Jan 2006 May 2006
	Brisbane	dual (65 nm)	Dec 2006
List of AMD Athlon X2 microprocessors

Manchester (90 nm SOI)

CPU-Stepping: E4
L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions), per core
L2-Cache: 256, 512 KB fullspeed, per core
MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
Socket 939, HyperTransport (1000 MHz, HT1000)
VCore: 1.35 V - 1.4 V
Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt
First Release: 1 August 2005
Clockrate: 2000 - 2400 MHz
- 256 KB L2-Cache:
  - 3600+: 2000 MHz
- 512 KB L2-Cache:
  - 3800+: 2000 MHz
  - 4200+: 2200 MHz
  - 4600+: 2400 MHz (110 Watt TDP)

Toledo (90 nm SOI)

CPU-Stepping: E6
L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions), per core
L2-Cache: 512 or 1024 KB fullspeed, per core
MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
Socket 939, HyperTransport (1000 MHz, HT1000)
VCore: 1.35 V - 1.4 V
Power Consumption (TDP):
- 89 Watt: 3800+, 4200+ and 4400+
- 110 Watt: 4400+, 4600+ and 4800+
First Release: 21 April 2005
Clockrate:: 2000 - 2400 MHz
- 512 KB L2-Cache:
  - 3800+: 2000 MHz
  - 4200+: 2200 MHz
  - 4600+: 2400 MHz
- 1024 KB L2-Cache:
  - 4400+: 2200 MHz
  - 4800+: 2400 MHz

Windsor (90 nm SOI)

File:AMD Athlon 64 X2 6000+ (ADA6000IAA6CZ), heat spreader removed.jpg

AMD Athlon 64 X2 6000+ (ADA6000IAA6CZ, Windsor), having its heat spreader removed; CPU core is soldered to the heat spreader, causing the CPU to be destroyed during the removal.

CPU-Stepping: F2, F3
L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions), per core
L2-Cache: 256, 512 or 1024 KB fullspeed, per core
MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit, AMD-V
Socket AM2, HyperTransport (1000 MHz, HT1000)
VCore: 1.25 V - 1.35 V
Power Consumption (TDP):
- 35 Watt (3800+ EE SFF)
- 65 Watt (3600+ to 5200+ EE)
- 89 Watt (3800+ to 6000+)
- 125 Watt (6000+ to 6400+)
First Release: May 23, 2006
Clockrate: 2000 MHz - 3200 MHz
- 256 KB L2-Cache:
  - 3600+: 2000 MHz
- 512 KB L2-Cache: (often mislabeled as Brisbane core)
  - 3800+: 2000 MHz
  - 4200+: 2200 MHz
  - 4600+: 2400 MHz (F2&F3)
  - 5000+: 2600 MHz (F2&F3)
  - 5400+: 2800 MHz (F3)
- 1024 KB L2-Cache:
  - 4000+: 2000 MHz
  - 4400+: 2200 MHz
  - 4800+: 2400 MHz
  - 5200+: 2600 MHz (F2&F3)
  - 5600+: 2800 MHz (F3)
  - 6000+: 3000 MHz (F3)
  - 6400+: 3200 MHz (F3)

Brisbane (65 nm SOI)

File:KL AMD Athlon 64 X2 Brisbane.jpg

AMD Athlon 64 X2 4400+, Brisbane.

CPU-Stepping: G1, G2
L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions), per core
L2-Cache: 512 KB fullspeed, per core
MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit, AMD-V
Socket AM2, HyperTransport (1000 MHz, HT1000)
VCore: 1.25 V - 1.35 V
Die Size: 126 mm²
Power Consumption (TDP): 65 Watt / 89 Watt
First Release: Dec 5, 2006
Clockrate: 1900 MHz - 3100 MHz
- 3600+: 1900 MHz (G1)
- 3800+: 2000 MHz
- 4000+: 2100 MHz
- 4200+: 2200 MHz (G1&G2)
- 4400+: 2300 MHz (G1&G2)
- 4600+: 2400 MHz (G2)
- 4800+: 2500 MHz (G1&G2)
- 5000+: 2600 MHz (G1&G2)
- 5200+: 2700 MHz (G1&G2)
- 5400+: 2800 MHz (G2)
- 5600+: 2900 MHz (G2)
- 5800+: 3000 MHz (G2)
- 6000+: 3100 MHz (G2)

Athlon X2

'64' was omitted from the name of the Brisbane 'BE' series; the 64-bit marketing campaign initiated by AMD became insignificant once essentially all consumer CPUs became 64-bit processors.

Brisbane (65 nm SOI)

CPU-Stepping: G1, G2
L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions), per core
L2-Cache: 512 KB fullspeed, per core
MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit, AMD-V
Socket AM2, HyperTransport (1000 MHz, HT1000)
VCore: 1.15 V - 1.20 V
Die Size: 118 mm²
Power Consumption (TDP): 45 Watt
First Release: June 1, 2007
Clockrate: 1900 MHz - 2600 MHz
- BE-2300: 1900 MHz (G1&G2)
- BE-2350: 2100 MHz (G1&G2)
- BE-2400: 2300 MHz (G2)
- 4050e: 2100 MHz (G2)
- 4450e: 2300 MHz (G2)
- 4850e: 2500 MHz (G2)
- 5050e: 2600 MHz (G2)

Kuma (65 nm SOI)

Chip harvests from Agena with one core disabled^[7]
AMD K10 Microarchitecture
CPU-Stepping: B3
L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions), per core
L2-Cache: 512 KB fullspeed, per core
L3-Cache: 2 MB (shared)
MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4a, Enhanced 3DNow!, NX bit, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, AMD-V
Socket AM2+, HyperTransport (1800 MHz, HT3.0)
VCore: 1.05 V - 1.25 V
Die Size: 288 mm²
Power Consumption: (TDP): 95 Watt
First Release: December 15, 2008
Clockrate: 2300 - 2800 MHz
- 6500BE: 2300 MHz
- 7450: 2400 MHz
- 7550: 2500 MHz
- 7750BE: 2700 MHz
- 7850BE: 2800 MHz

References

External links

[1] AMD FAQ on removing the "64"^{[dead link]}

[2] DailyTech report

[3] ttp://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=2397&p=21

[4] ttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041^13076,00.html^{[dead link]}

[5] ttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487^10248,00.html^{[dead link]}

[6] HardOCP report

[list-7] ttps://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/19Ms49ip5PBB7nYnf5urxsySvH-Sdy6liE2EBDaB8b54

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Athlon 64 X2

Contents

Multithreading

Manufacturing costs

CPU cores

Athlon 64 X2

Manchester (90 nm SOI)

Toledo (90 nm SOI)

Windsor (90 nm SOI)

Brisbane (65 nm SOI)

Athlon X2

Brisbane (65 nm SOI)

Kuma (65 nm SOI)

See also

References

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