Arthur Longmore

Sir Arthur Murray Longmore
250px Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Longmore, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Middle East Command, standing in the gardens of Air Headquarters, Middle East Command, in Cairo.
Born	(1885-10-08)8 October 1885 Manly, Australia
Died	Surrey, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Navy (1900–18) Royal Air Force (1918–44)
Years of service	1900–1942 1943–1944
Rank	Air Chief Marshal
Commands held	Inspector-General of the RAF (1941–42) Middle East Command (1940–41) Training Command (1939–40) Imperial Defence College (1936–39) Coastal Command (1936) Coastal Area (1934–36) RAF College Cranwell (1929–33) No. 7 Group (1924–25) No. 3 Group (1920–21) No. 1 Squadron RNAS (1914–15) No. 3 Squadron RNAS (1914)
Battles/wars	First World War Second World War
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Distinguished Service Order Mentioned in Despatches Officer of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Knight of the Legion of Honour (France) Croix de guerre (France) Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy) War Cross for Military Valor (Italy) Grand Cross with Swords of the Royal Order of George I (Greece) War Cross (Greece)
Other work	Vice-Chairman of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission

File:Short S.27 Longmore.JPG

Then-Lieutenant Arthur Longmore (in dark coat walking toward camera on right) on 1 December 1911 immediately after he became the first person in the United Kingdom to take off from land and make a successful water landing, using the aircraft behind him, an Short Improved S.27 bearing Admiralty number 38, later often called the "Short S.38."

Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Murray Longmore GCB, DSO, DL, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (8 October 1885 – 10 December 1970) was an early naval aviator, before reaching high rank in the Royal Air Force. He was Commander-in-Chief of the RAF's Middle East Command from 1940 to 1941.

Early life

Born in Manly, New South Wales, the son of Charles Croker Longmore and Janet Murray, he was educated at Benges School, Hertford and Foster's Academy, Stubbington before entering Dartmouth Naval College. He was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1904. Having developed an interest in flying, he volunteered for pilot training when the Navy accepted an offer of training facilities by the Royal Aero Club, and was one of the four officers to be selected. He obtained flying certificate No.72 in April 1911. That year, assisted by Oswald Short of Short Brothers, he devised a way of mounting streamlined air bags on the undercarriage struts and under the tail of an Short Improved S.27 biplane with the construction number S.38—later often referred to as the "Short S.38"—and on 1 December 1911, using the air bags for flotation, then-Lieutenant Longmore became the first person in the United Kingdom to take off from land and make a successful water landing in a seaplane when he landed Improved S.27 No. 38 on the River Medway off Sheerness.

Career

Longmore joined the Royal Naval Air Service in 1912. Before the outbreak of the First World War he served as a flight instructor at the newly formed Central Flying School, Upavon and was then appointed commander of the seaplane base at Cromarty and later of the experimental seaplane establishment at Calshot. During the war he served as Officer Commanding No. 3 Squadron RNAS and then as Officer Commanding No. 1 Squadron RNAS before being transferred back to sea duties an officer on the battlecruiser HMS Tiger in 1916; during his service aboard Tiger he took part in the Battle of Jutland He obtained a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force in 1920 and was appointed Air Officer Commanding No. 3 Group later that year before being given command of the RAF Depot in 1921. He was made Air Officer Commanding No. 7 Group in 1924, Director of Equipment at the Air Ministry in 1925 and Chief Staff Officer at Headquarters Inland Area in 1929. Subsequent appointments included Commandant of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell in December 1929, Air Officer Commanding Inland Area in 1933 and Air Officer Commanding Coastal Area (which was renamed RAF Coastal Command under his leadership) in 1934. He went on to be Commandant of the Imperial Defence College in 1936.

The outbreak of the Second World War found Longmore an air chief marshal and in charge of RAF Training Command. On 2 April 1940, he was appointed Air Officer Commanding in the Middle East. He did not long enjoy the full confidence of Winston Churchill in that position and was relieved of his command in May 1941. His last role before his formal retirement in 1942 was as Inspector-General of the RAF.

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography says the following about Longmore during the first few months of 1941:

Longmore's constant demands for reinforcements resulted in some unwelcome attention from Churchill, who hated pessimists and senior commanders who complained about their lack of resources. After some acerbic correspondence, in which Churchill accused Longmore of failing to make proper use of the manpower and aircraft he had, Longmore was recalled to London in May 1941. He was succeeded in the Middle East by Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder.

In retirement he was Vice-Chairman of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Longmore’s memoirs, From Sea to Sky 1910–1945, were published in 1946.

Grantham by-election, 1942

Polling day was set for 25 March 1942. When nominations closed, it was to reveal a two horse race, between the Conservative Longmore and the Independent Kendall.

Longmore received a joint letter of endorsement from all the leaders of the parties in the coalition.

Kendall had initially been supported by the Grantham Labour Party, which then withdrew support on orders from Labour Party headquarters. The party kept its collective head down during the campaign, though they did have to restrain Montague Moore, the previous Labour candidate and a few other local Labour members from actively supporting Kendall.

The war was not going well for the Allies; the Russians had been driven back, the Japanese had taken Singapore and many were calling for Britain to create a 'Second Front' in Europe. The popular Labour politician Sir Stafford Cripps, who had returned to Britain following a spell as Ambassador to Russia, was brought into Churchill's War Cabinet.

One of Kendall's campaign leaflets proclaimed that "Denis Kendall is another Stafford Cripps. Independent yet Churchillian."

Kendall revealed wartime production figures in his election hustings speeches to criticise the government, but in a way that breached the Official Secrets and the Defence of the Realm Acts.

The Grantham Communist party in line with the position taken by their national headquarters, circulated a leaflet that urged electors to vote for the Conservative Longmore, so as to show solidarity with the Red Army.

Result

Kendall won and became the first Independent to defeat a government candidate since the war started;

Grantham by-election, 1942 Electorate 54,317

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Independent	William Denis Kendall	11,758	50.8	n/a
	Conservative	Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Murray Longmore	11,391	49.2	−8.9
Majority			367	1.6
Turnout			23,149	42.6
	Independent gain from Conservative		Swing

Family

In 1913 Longmore married Marjorie Maitland, the daughter of William James Maitland C.I.E.; they had three sons and a daughter. One of their sons, Wing Commander Richard Maitland Longmore OBE, was killed in action on 4 October 1943, in the course of an attack on a U-boat.

References

Bibliography

• Longmore, Arthur. From Sea to Sky: Memoirs 1910–1945. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1946.

Military offices
Preceded by Edward Masterman	Air Officer Commanding No. 7 Group 1924–1925	Succeeded by Duncan Pitcher
Preceded by Frederick Halahan	RAF College Commandant 1929–1933	Succeeded by William Mitchell
Preceded by Napier Gill Temporary appointment preceded by R H Clark-Hall	Commander-in-Chief Coastal Area 1934–1936	Succeeded by None
Preceded by New creation	Commander-in-Chief Coastal Command 1936	Succeeded by Philip Joubert de la Ferté
Preceded by Sir Robert Haining	Commandant of the Imperial Defence College 1936–1939	Succeeded by Sir Hugh Binney
Preceded by Sir Charles Burnett	Commander-in-Chief Training Command 1939–1940	Vacant Command split into: Flying Training Command Technical Training Command Title next held by Sir John Davis
Preceded by Sir William Mitchell	Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command 1940–1941	Succeeded by Sir Arthur Tedder
Preceded by Sir William Mitchell	Inspector-General of the RAF 1941–1942	Vacant Title next held by Sir Arthur Tedder