2022 Kazakh protests

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2022 Kazakh protests
File:2022 Kazakhstan protests — Aqtobe, January 4 (01).jpg
Protest in Aktobe on 4 January 2022
Date 2 January 2022 (2022-01-02) – present
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Location
Kazakhstan
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Status Ongoing
  • Nationwide state of emergency declared by the government from 5 January until 19 January
  • CSTO forces deployed in Kazakhstan from 5 January
  • Counterterrorism operation from 5 January
  • Mass looting and chaos in Almaty from 5 January to 8 January
  • Armed forces ordered to shoot without warning from 7 January
  • Day of mourning for dozens of victims of the protests on 10 January
Concessions
Parties to the civil conflict
Protesters
Lead figures
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No centralized leadership
Units involved
<templatestyles src="Infobox/Columns/styles.css"/><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
Number
Casualties and losses
164 people killed[8] (mostly protesters)[9]
18 security forces members killed[10]
(possibly included in the figure of 164 dead)[9]
7,939 people arrested[11]
Casualties

The 2022 Kazakh protests began on 2 January after a sudden sharp increase in liquefied gas prices which, according to the Kazakh government, was due to high demand and price fixing. The protests began in the oil-producing city of Zhanaozen, but then quickly spread to other cities in the country, especially the nation's largest city Almaty, due to rising dissatisfaction with the government and economic inequality.[12][13]

The growing discontent with the government and the former president Nursultan Nazarbayev also influenced larger demonstrations. As there are no popular opposition groups against the Kazakh government, the unrest appeared to be assembled directly by citizens. In response, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Mangystau Region and Almaty, effective from 5 January 2022. The Mamin Cabinet resigned the same day.[14][15][16] The state of emergency was shortly extended to the whole country. In response to Tokayev's request, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) – a military alliance of Russia and its allied states that includes Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan itself – agreed to deploy troops in Kazakhstan.[17] The aim was declared to be peacekeeping. Former President Nazarbayev was removed as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan.[18]

As a concession, President Tokayev said that the vehicle gas prices caps of 50 tenge per litre had been restored for 6 months.[19][20][21] On 7 January, he said in a statement, "Constitutional order has largely been restored in all regions of the country."[22][23][24] He also announced that he had ordered troops to use deadly force against protesters, authorizing instructions to "shoot to kill" without warning at anyone demonstrating, calling protesters "bandits and terrorists" and saying that the use of force would continue to "destroy the protests".[25][26][27][28] On 10 January, the government declared a day of mourning for dozens of victims of the protests.[29] Tokayev called the protests a "coup attempt."[30]

164 people have been killed and 7,939 have been arrested as part of the protests.[31]

Background

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, wealthy individuals who had links to the former government of the Soviet Union received preferential treatment, gaining wealth from privatization and their land ownership of areas with valuable resources.[13] Nursultan Nazarbayev became Kazakhstan's first president after the dissolution, ruling the country from 1990 to 2019.[16] During this time, international observers did not recognize any of the elections in Kazakhstan to be fair,[16] with Nazarbayev ruling the nation through authoritarianism, nepotism and detaining opponents according to The Daily Telegraph.[32]

Through this period, Kazakhstan experienced one of the strongest performing economies in Central Asia, with oil production representing a large percentage of its economic growth until oil prices decreased in the mid-2010s.[33] The country also held about 40% of the world's uranium resources within its territory.[13] Despite such growth, none of the economic benefits were shared throughout the population, with the minimum wage in Kazakhstan for the common individual being less than US$100 per month and economic inequality being pervasive.[13] In 2012, the World Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country,[34] while the World Bank listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with Angola, Bolivia, Kenya, and Libya.[35] In 2013, Aftenposten quoted the human-rights activist and lawyer Denis Jivaga as saying that there is an "oil fund in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is spent".[36] Following various international banking scandals, wealthy Kazakhs emigrated to foreign countries, especially the United Kingdom.[13] In 2018, Crédit Suisse ranked Kazakhstan 169th out of 174 countries in wealth distribution.[37] By 2022, 162 rich Kazakhs held 55% of the nation's wealth.[13]

Zhanaozen strike

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Main article: Zhanaozen massacre

Zhanaozen, an oil-producing city in Mangystau Region, has had a history of labour strikes and demonstrations. In 2011, a riot broke out in the city amidst the 20th anniversary of Independence Day that led to 16 deaths and 100 injuries according to official numbers. Kazakh security forces opened fire on protestors who demanded better working conditions. During that time, the price for a litre of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a mix of butane and propane that is a common vehicle fuel in Zhanaozen, was around 30–35 tenge and has repeatedly risen since then.

Following further protests in 2018 and Nazarbayev's crackdown on the demonstrations, he was made the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan for life.[32]

Since January 2019, the Kazakh government phased transition policy to electronic market trading of LPG to gradually end state gas subsidies and allow for the market instead to determine prices, resulting with increased LPG prices according to Eurasianet.[38]

In January 2020, a protest was held in Zhanaozen where city residents demanded a reduction in the price of gas that had risen from 55 to 65 tenge.[39] As the COVID-19 pandemic affected the economy, austerity measures and an inadequate amount of economic stimulus from the government resulted with inflation and stagnant wages.[13]

Since 1 January 2022, according to Zhanaozen protesters, the price of LPG almost doubled, to 120 tenge per litre (€0.24 per litre; US$1.06 per gallon), causing outrage amongst citizens.[40] Further discontent with the former leader Nursultan Nazarbayev, the nation's oligarchy, corruption and economic inequality would then spark more widespread protests.[16][13]

Aims

Aims of the protests reported after the protests had started included calls for major political changes. According to Darkhan Sharipov of the Oyan, Qazaqstan activist group, protestors wanted "real political reforms" and "fair elections", and were angry about "corruption and nepotism".[16] According to The New York Times, protestors wanted leaders of the regions of Kazakhstan to be directly elected rather than appointed by the president.[41]

Protests

2 January

On the morning of 2 January, residents in the city of Zhanaozen blocked roads in protest against an increase in gas prices.[42] From there, the demonstrators called on the akim of Mangystau, Nurlan Nogaev, and city akim Maksat Ibagarov to take measures in stabilising prices and preventing fuel shortages.[42] The residents were met with acting Zhanaozen akim Galym Baijanov who advised the crowd to write a complaint letter to the city administration in which the protestors recalled that their complaints were supposedly ignored by the city officials.[42]

3 January

Hundreds of Zhanaozen residents gathered and camped in the city square overnight.[43] As other residents joined the crowd by the afternoon, an estimated 1,000 people were at the square, chanting and demanding direct elections of local leaders.[43] The police officers, while standing at the perimeter of the square during the demonstration, did not intervene.[43] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev and Zhanaozen akim Maqsat İbağarov as well as Kazakh Gas Processing Plant director Nakbergen Tulepov attempted to calm the protestors by arriving at the square and pledging for the gas prices to be reduced down to 85–90 tenge, which failed to please the demonstrators.[44] Nogaev as well as his subordinates were forced to flee the square by the angry crowd.[44]

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in his Twitter response regarding the situation had instructed the government to consider the situation in Mangystau Region by "taking into account economic feasibility in the legal field".[45] He also called on demonstrators to not disturb public order, reminding that Kazakh citizens have the right to publicly express their voice to local and central government by saying it should be so in "accordance with the law".[45] A government commission headed by Deputy Prime Minister Eraly Togjanov was formed to consider the socio-economic situation in Mangystau.[46]

Reports of arrests were received from the cities of Nur-Sultan, Aktobe and Almaty where the Republic Square and Astana Square were closed off and security officers deployed.[47] Other cities witnessed an increased police presence in public areas.[47]

In Aktau, a group of protestors showed up at the Yntymaq Square in front of the city administration building, setting up tents and yurts for the encampment.[48] By evening, an estimated 6,000 demonstrators were at the square, demanding reductions in the cost of gas as well as the resignation of the government. They were joined by other groups of supporters reportedly from neighbouring regions and cities across Kazakhstan.[48] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev visited the rally, reminding the crowd that the Kazakh government had reduced the price of gas and that the Agency for the Protection and Development of Competition had launched an antitrust probe into gas suppliers for a suspected price collusion.[49] Nogaev urged the Aktau protestors to maintain public order and suggested for they hold a constructive dialogue with the authorities.[49]

File:2022 Kazakhstan protests — Aqtobe, January 4 (02).jpg
Protestors setting up a yurt in Aktobe, 4 January 2022.

4 January

On 4 January, around 1,000 people gathered to protest in the centre of Almaty.[50] Police used stun grenades and tear gas to disperse the protesters.[50] Tokayev signed decrees to introduce a state of emergency in Mangystau District and Almaty from 5 January 01:30 local time to 19 January 00:00 local time.[51] According to Tokayev, all legitimate demands of protesters will be considered.[50] A special commission, after meeting with protesters, agreed to lower the LPG price to 50 tenges ($0.11) per litre.[40] Internet watchdog organization NetBlocks documented significant internet disruptions with "high impact to mobile services" that were likely to limit the public's ability to express political discontent.[52][53] People also started protesting in Taldıqorğan.

5 January

On 5 January, Tokayev accepted the government's resignation. On the same day, a Reuters correspondent reported thousands of protesters pressing ahead towards Almaty city centre after security forces failed to disperse them with tear gas and stun grenades.[14][54] Later on the same day, Tokayev announced that former president Nursultan Nazarbayev has resigned as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, and Tokayev has assumed this position himself.[55] Digital rights monitor NetBlocks reported that internet disruptions had intensified by 5:00 p.m. local time, leaving Kazakhstan in the "midst of a nation-scale internet blackout" after a day of mobile internet disruptions and partial restrictions.[52][56][57][58]

File:Так сейчас выглядит мэрия города Алматы.webmhd.webm
Almaty city mayor's office was burned down during night of January 5.[59][60][61]
video icon Mayor's building on fire, Almaty, January 5

In Almaty, the offices of the city mayor were stormed and set aflame.[61][16] Locations that stored small arms were captured by protesters.[62] Protests at the Almaty International Airport resulted in cancelled and rerouted flights.[16] Reports of protesters seizing five planes were reported by the government.[62] Two Kazakh army soldiers were reported killed attempting to retake the Almaty airport.[63] Russian state-run media reported that protesters also attacked President Tokayev's home with rifles and grenades, leaving it partially destroyed.[64] In addition, the offices of the ruling Nur Otan party were also set on fire.[65] Atameken, Kazakhstan's business lobby group, reported attacks on banks, stores and restaurants.[66]

The interior ministry said government buildings were also attacked in the southern cities of Shymkent and Taraz.[67]

In Taldıqorğan, a statue of former leader Nazarbayev was pulled down and destroyed by demonstrators chanting "Old man, leave!".[68][64]

In the late afternoon, President Tokayev announced a nationwide state of emergency until 19 January. This would include a curfew from 23:00 to 07:00, temporary restrictions on movement, and a ban on mass gatherings.[69] During a televised address, the president threatened to crackdown on protesters, stating "I plan to act as toughly as possible", and said that he had no intentions of fleeing the country.[16]

6 January

The protests in Kazakhstan had disrupted production at its biggest oil field, Tengiz.[70]

Oil production at Kazakhstan's highest-producing oil field Tengiz was reduced.[70][71][72] US oil producer Chevron Corporation holds a 50% stake in Tengizchevroil (TCO) which operates the Tengiz oil field.[73]

Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry issued a statement saying: "Employees of the Almaty police department have launched a mop-up operation in the streets of Karasay-batyr and Masanchi. Measures are being taken to detain the violators. In total, some 2,000 people have been taken to police stations."[74]

Dozens of protesters and at least 12 police officers were killed. Witnesses in Almaty described scenes of chaos with government buildings stormed or set on fire and widespread looting. The interior ministry said 2,298 people had been arrested during the unrest, while the police spokesperson Saltanat Azirbek told state news channel Khabar 24 that "dozens of attackers were liquidated".[75]

3,000 Russian paratroopers arrived in Kazakhstan on the morning of 6 January, after president Tokayev made a formal request for assistance to the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan also sent troops.[76][77]

Protestors remained in the Aktau town square on 6 January. Six thousand people protested in the centre of Zhanaozen. The akim of Zhanoazen, Maksat Ibagarov, stated that "none of the local activists [would] be persecuted".[78]

7 January

On 7 January, as a concession, President Tokayev said that the vehicle fuel price caps of 50 tenge per litre had been restored for 6 months.[19][20][21]

Tokayev said in a statement, "Constitutional order has largely been restored in all regions of the country."[22][23][24] He also announced that he had ordered troops to shoot without warning at anyone protesting, calling protesters 'bandits and terrorists' and saying use of force will continue.[25][26][27] In a speech to the nation, he said, "We hear calls from abroad for the parties to negotiate to find a peaceful solution to the problems, this is just nonsense. What negotiations can there be with criminals and murderers? They need to be destroyed and this will be done." He went on to thank Russia for sending troops to help establish order.[79]

Russia's Defence Ministry stated that more than 70 planes were flying, around the clock, to bring Russian troops into Kazakhstan and that they were helping to control Almaty's main airport.[22] According to several Russian media sources, former president Nursultan Nazarbayev had left the country with his three daughters and their families. It was not clear where Nazarbayev had gone, but he had apparently left the country for health reasons.[80]

A peaceful protest took place in Zhanaozen, where protestors asked for a new government, more freedom for civil rights activists, and a return to the 1993 Kazakh constitution.[81] Protests also continued in Aktau.[82]

The Kazakh government announced that seven additional policemen had been killed in Almaty.[83] Levan Kogeashvili, a 22-year-old Israeli national was shot and killed while driving to work in Almaty. The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that he had been residing in Kazakhstan for several years and his family said that he was not involved in the protests.[84][85]

8 January

Protests continued in Zhanaozen.[86]

The National Security Committee said that its former chief and former prime minister, Karim Massimov, had been arrested on suspicion of treason.[87] Joanna Lillis, writing in Eurasianet, considered the possibility of Massimov having been involved in an attempted coup d'état to be credible, signifying a shift in elite politics in Kazakhstan.[88]

The Ministry of Internal Affairs announced that 4,404 people had been detained and at least 40 people had died as a result of the protests.[89][90]

Kazakhstan authorities launched a countrywide antitrust investigation into 180 LNG sellers due to a suspected collusion.[91][92]

9 January

On 9 January, the interior ministry, said initial estimates put property damage at about 175 million euros, adding that more than 100 businesses and banks had been attacked and looted and about 400 vehicles destroyed. The ministry confirmed that more than 160 people had been killed and more than 5,000 had been arrested for questioning as part of 125 separate investigations into the unrest.[8] The Interior Ministry reported more than 2,200 people sought treatment for injuries from the protests, and about 1,300 security officers were injured.[93] The office of Kazakhstan’s president said that in total 5,800 people had been detained.[94] The health ministry said in total 164 people, including two children, had been killed. It also specified that 103 people had died in Kazakhstan's largest city, Almaty. Interior Minister Erlan Turgumbayev held a press conference, saying, "Today the situation is stabilised in all regions of the country ... the counterterror operation is continuing in a bid to re-establish order in the country".[95]

10 January

On 10 January, the government declared a day of mourning for dozens of victims of the protests. Kazakhstan’s Interior Ministry reported that a total of 7,939 people have been detained across the country. The National Security Committee, Kazakhstan’s counterintelligence and anti-terrorism agency, said that the situation in the country has “stabilized and is under control.”[96] Tokayev called the protests a "coup attempt.”[97] The government also said that "foreign-trained Islamist radicals" were among those who had attacked government buildings and security forces in the last week and that police had now detained almost 8,000 people to bring the situation under control.[98]

The internet returned to Almaty following a five-day blackout.[99]

Violence

File:Бойня при Алматы 360p.webmhd.webm
Violence in Almaty

On 5 January, authorities in Almaty reported that over 400 businesses were damaged from the protests and that 200 people had been arrested; police in Atyrau fired into protesters which resulted in the death of at least one individual.[68] The government reported on 5 January that eight law enforcement personnel were killed and 317 wounded.[100] A report carried by the French AFP news agency stated that dozens of protestors had been killed,[101] while the Russian TASS news agency aired footage of a heavy gunfight near Almaty's Republic Square.[102] On 6 January, dozens of protestors were killed during an operation, while the number of security forces killed rose to 18.[103][10] According to local authorities, two of the security officers were found decapitated.[104]

On 7 January, President Tokayev issued a "shoot to kill" order.[105] Tokayev said that the army and law enforcement agencies had been ordered "to shoot to kill without warning."[105]

Analysis

Dosym Satpayev, a Kazakh political analyst, said that the Kazakh government would mainly use force to respond to protests, stating: "The authorities are trying everything to calm things down, with a mix of promises and threats, but so far it's not working. ... There will be imitations of dialogue but essentially the regime will respond with force because they have no other tools."[16] Political scientist Arkady Dubnov of the Carnegie Moscow Center observed that such protests were unsettling for the Russian government, with Dubnov saying: "There is no doubt that the Kremlin would not want to see an example of such a regime beginning to talk to the opposition and conceding to their demands."[68]

In an article for Foreign Policy, Eugene Chausovsky wrote that "Tokayev felt the need to get CSTO assistance in order to secure strategic sites and installations, including government buildings and airports in key cities such as Almaty, while Kazakh security forces could focus on handling the demonstrators directly."[106]

Joanna Lillis, writing in Eurasianet on 7 January, described Tokayev's shoot to kill declared policy and his terminology, including "bandits and terrorists ... to be eliminated", as resembling that of Russian president Vladimir Putin. Lillis saw this as a significant change from Tokayev's earlier promises of liberalising the political situation and consulting civil society.[107] She interpreted the dismissal and arrest of Karim Massimov, head of the National Security Committee and close to Nazarbayev, together with a statement by Nazarbayev's former adviser Yermukhamet Yertysbayev that a coup d'état had been attempted, as signs of a significant shift of power within the Kazakh political elites from Nazarbayev to Tokayev. She considered the claims of an attempted coup d'état to be credible.[88]

The political scientist and expert on Russia, Hans-Henning Schröder, told Deutsche Welle: "All of Russia's major neighbors have been rocked by social unrest. If I were in the Kremlin, I would start to worry about whether Russia could be next."[108]

Daniil Kislov, the founder and General Director of the Ferghana Information Agency, speculated to The New York Times that the violence in Almaty was "all artificially organized by people who really had power in their hands," as a proxy for a power struggle between Tokayev and former president Nazarbayev. Kislov claimed that Nazarbayev's nephew Samat Abish, who was previously deputy head of the Kazakh State Security Service before being ousted by Tokayev, was responsible for orchestrating much of the violence. Galym Ageleulov, a human rights activist in Almaty, stated that the violence only started in Almaty when a crowd that was "clearly organized by crime group marauders” started the march to the City Hall, while at the same time police presence dissipated.[109]

Kazakhstan produces more than 40% of the world's uranium and the uranium prices have risen since the protests erupted.[110][111] Canadian uranium company Cameco stated that "any disruption in Kazakhstan could of course be a significant catalyst in the uranium market. If nothing else, it's a reminder for utilities that an over-reliance on any one source of supply is risky."[112] The internet blackout also impacted cryptocurrency mining operations, with the global cryptocurrency computational capacity (hashrate) dropping by 12 percent. Prior to the protests, Kazakhstan accounted for around 18 percent of global hashrate for Bitcoin.[113]

During the protests and riot in Kazakhstan, the fortune of four local billionaires shrinked by $3 billion according to Forbes. At the same time, the middle daughter and son-in-law of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Dinara and Timur Kulibayev, lost $200 million. The couple controls the country's largest bank in terms of assets, Halyk Bank; the fortune of each co-owner is estimated at $3.1 billion. One of the most affected billionaires was Kazakh businessman Vyacheslav Kim, who is the chairman of the board of directors of the fintech company Kaspi.kz. In two days, its shares fell immediately by 30%, from $188 as of 4 January to $87 on January 6; according to Forbes, decreasing his fortune by $ 1.4 billion to $ 4.2 billion. By the end of the week, his assets grew slightly and were estimated at $4.4 billion. The general director of Kaspi.kz, a billionaire from Georgia Mikhail Lomtadze living in Kazakhstan lost about $1.4 billion. The size of his fortune fell to $3.8 billion.[114][115][116]

Reactions

National

Speaking from France, the leader of Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Ablyazov, told Reuters on 7 January 2022: "I see myself as the leader of the opposition". Ablyazov also said that the West should remove Kazakhstan from Russian influence to prevent Russian President Vladimir Putin from incorporating Kazakhstan into "a structure like the Soviet Union".[117]

International

Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

File:CSTOMap.png
Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

Unrest in Kazakhstan caught international observers by surprise.[16] President Tokayev began communications with President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, who had quashed the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, and was in discussions with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, calling for the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) to intervene against protesters that he described as "international terrorists".[16][68] Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan, who had just been made chairman of the CSTO on 3 January 2022, responded to Tokayev's request, stating "As the Chairman of the CPC Assembly Security Council, I am starting immediate consultations with the leaders of the CSTO countries".[64] [118]

On 6 January, the CSTO agreed to intervene in Kazakhstan with a collective group of forces that it described as having the aim of peacekeeping, with the organization citing the Collective Security Treaty's Article 4, which states "In the case of aggression (an armed attack threatening safety, stability, territorial integrity and sovereignty) against any Member States, all other Member States at the request of this Member State shall immediately provide the latter with the necessary aid, including military".[119][1] In a statement, Armenian Prime Minister Pashinyan said that the CSTO was to be deployed due to "the threats to national security and sovereignty to the Republic of Kazakhstan, including from external interference".[1] A Russian Air Force regiment in Orenburg was reported to be readying itself for deployment to Kazakhstan.[1] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan issued a statement saying the country was ready to participate in CSTO armed forces activities in Kazakhstan.[120]

On 6 January, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman, Maria Zakharova, confirmed Russia had sent troops into Kazakhstan as part of the wider CSTO effort. In the statement, she said: "Peacekeeping forces of the Collective Security Treaty Organization were sent to the Republic of Kazakhstan for a limited time to stabilize and normalize the situation." The statement also confirmed the deployment included units of the armed forces of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.[121]

On 7 January, the Kyrgyzstan Parliament voted in favour of deploying a 150-strong military contingent as part of the CSTO effort. Following the vote, the deployment decree was signed by the Republic's President, Sadyr Japarov.[122][123]

On 7 January, the Belta news agency reported that Belarus President, Alexander Lukashenko had spoken via phone with former President and chair of Security Council of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev and "discussed in detail the state of affairs in Kazakhstan".[124]

According to CSTO, the CSTO armed forces are only authorised to participate in the protection of strategic infrastructure facilities, including Almaty International Airport and Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome in south-central Kazakhstan.[125][126] Russian State Duma member Leonid Kalashnikov stated that actions in relation to the protesters themselves were to be handled by local Kazakhstani law enforcement.[127]

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

On 7 January, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization's regional anti-terrorist structure announced that it was ready to extend assistance to Kazakhstan upon request, and voiced support for the Kazakh government's security measures. [128]

Others

Countries
  • The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Foreign Ministry spokesperson Fazilrabi Zahin published a statement saying the administration is "closely monitoring the situation in Kazakhstan and, as a close neighbor and economic partner state, is concerned about the recent unrest." The ministry also "urges both the government and protestors to resolve issues through talks and peaceful means, and to return calm and stability to the country."[129]
  • Armenia's government, currently chairing at CSTO, started consultations among CSTO member countries and sent 100 soldiers to peacekeeping mission. However, Armenians took dim view of these actions, with many citizens objecting that the CSTO didn’t help Armenia when it asked for help in 2021-2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis, and pointing out at the irony of the Pashinyan's government itself coming to power as the result of street protests.[130] “The people of any country must choose their own government; no other country has the right to interfere in its internal affairs. Today, the Armenian armed forces have a mission to protect the borders of our country.... We condemn the short-sighted and irresponsible actions of the Armenian government.” a coalition of pro-Western Armenian NGOs said in a statement.[131]
  • The Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying it was "closely monitoring the unrest". It called for "restraint and de-escalation" and that the situation be resolved "quickly and peacefully".[132]
  • The Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin expressed that China and Kazakhstan shared friendly relations and are strategic partners and "hopes for early restoration of public order" in Kazakhstan and also reiterated that the matter is an "interior affair of Kazakhstan" and believes in the ability of the "Kazakh authorities to resolve the issue properly".[133] Wang hoped for a speedy stabilization of the situation.[133] On 7 January, president Xi Jinping stated that "China opposes external forces that deliberately trigger unrest and incite a 'colour revolution' in Kazakhstan".[134][135]
  • Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed victory on 10 January in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a ”foreign-backed terrorist uprising”, and promised leaders of other ex-Soviet states that a Moscow-led alliance (CSTO) would protect them too.[136]
  • Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić stated that in Kazakhstan there will be "hundreds or thousands of dead, a devastated country" and that "foreign services, various great powers, have also intervened".[137]
  • Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan told Tokayev in a phone call that Turkey stands in solidarity with Kazakhstan.[138]
  • British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss, in the House of Commons, condemned the violence and said that the UK Government would be coordinating with allies.[139]
  • The United States appealed for calm.[140] The American government was reported by The Independent to be monitoring the unrest.[141] U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken questioned Kazakhstan's decision to seek CSTO's military assistance, saying that "one lesson of recent history is that once Russians are in your house, it's sometimes very difficult to get them to leave".[142]
Organisations
  • On 5 January 2022, the European Union issued a statement saying: "We call on all concerned to act with responsibility and restraint and to refrain from actions that could lead to further escalation of violence. While recognising the right to peaceful demonstration, the European Union expects that they remain non-violent and avoid any incitement to violence".[143]
  • The Organization of Turkic States stated "their confidence in the capacity of the Kazakh authorities to peacefully defuse tensions and reestablish calm and order."[144]
  • On 6 January 2022, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet called on all sides in Kazakhstan to refrain from violence and to seek a peaceful resolution to their grievances following mass unrest after days of demonstrations. In a statement, Bachelet said: "People have the right to peaceful protest and freedom of expression. At the same time, protesters, no matter how angry or aggrieved they may be, should not resort to violence against others".[145][146]
  • On 7 January 2022, NATO's Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs & Security Policy and Special Representative for the Caucasus & Central Asia, Javier Colomina, said on Twitter: "NATO shares the serious concern over the situation in Kazakhstan, including reports of casualties. We call on all parties to exercise restraint, refrain from violence, and pursue dialogue. Authorities must respect international human rights obligations, including the right to peaceful protest".[147][148]

See also

References

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  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ OECD Investment Policy Reviews Archived 18 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 112, OECD, 2012
  35. ↑ Oil, Cash and Corruption Archived 18 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times 5 November 2006
  36. ↑ Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013) Retrieved 8 March 2014
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. October 10, 2018 article: Global Wealth Report 2018: US and China in the lead Report[permanent dead link]. Databook[permanent dead link]. Downloadable data sheets See Table 3.1 (page 114) of databook for mean and median wealth by country
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  103. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  106. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  107. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  108. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  111. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  113. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  114. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  115. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  116. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  117. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  119. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  120. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  121. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  123. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  124. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  125. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  126. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  127. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  128. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  129. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  130. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  131. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  132. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  134. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  135. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  136. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  137. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  138. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  139. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  140. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  141. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  142. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  143. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  144. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  145. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  146. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  147. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  148. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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