Xavier de Maistre

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This article is about the French writer. For the musician, see Xavier de Maistre (harpist).
Xavier de Maistre
Portret grafa Ksave de Mestra (Zabolotskiy).jpg
Portrait of Count Xavier de Maistre (1840), by Petr Zabolotskiy, oil on canvas. Vorontsov Palace, Alupka
Born (1763-11-08)8 November 1763
Chambéry, Savoy, Kingdom of Piemont-Sardinia (now Department of Savoie, France)
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Occupation Writer, painter, military officer
Signature
Signature Xavier de Maistre.jpg

François-Xavier, comte de Maistre (French pronunciation: ​[ɡzavje də mɛstʁ]; 8 November 1763 – 12 June 1852) was a French-speaking Savoyard writer, painter and a military officer in the service of Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

Biography

Xavier de Maistre was born in Chambéry, the son of François-Xavier Maistre (1705–1789) and his wife Christine de Motz de La Salle (1727–1774). Born into a Savoyard family from the county of Nice,[lower-alpha 1] Xavier de Maistre was the twelfth of fifteen children, of whom five boys and five girls survived.[lower-alpha 2] His father was President of the Senate of Savoy; his mother died when he was just ten years old. His elder brother, Joseph, took on the role of godfather.[lower-alpha 3] "Throughout his life," Philippe Barthelet stated, Joseph de Maistre "was his younger brother's mentor and confidant, and their parallel lives, in Savoy and then in Russia, almost always reflected this unity of thought and feeling."[2] As a child, Xavier received French and drawing lessons from Abbé André Isnard, the curate of La Bauche,[lower-alpha 4] when he was sent to board with his mother's Perrin d'Avressieux family. Xavier, a gentle, shy and dreamy child, was called ‘Ban’ or ‘Bans’ (perhaps a diminutive of ‘baban’, which means ‘starling’ or ‘flycatcher’[4] in Savoyard dialect), a nickname he kept throughout his life.[lower-alpha 5]

Xavier was not yet eighteen when, on 13 June 1781, he enlisted in the infantry corps of the Marine regiment in Alexandria. This regiment was later stationed at Chambéry, Pignerol, Fenestrelle and Turin.

On 6 May 1784, Xavier de Maistre volunteered to take part in a hot-air balloon ascent. This was an exceptional event in Savoy: it was the first experimental Savoyard expedition in free flight, following the Montgolfier brothers' demonstration on 5 June 1783 in Annonay and Pilâtre de Rozier's ascent on 19 October 1783, and the eighth in all after the feats of the few French pioneers of aerostation. The balloon was built by the engineer Louis Brun and financed by a subscription offered to the people of Savoy, on the initiative of the de Maistre brothers.[lower-alpha 6] Xavier, dressed in a Royal Navy uniform, took his place in the basket, hiding under a tarpaulin so as not to be seen by his father, who was hostile to his project. Louis Brun took the controls and, to the cheers of the crowd, the balloon rose from the grounds of the Château de Buisson-Rond in Chambéry, landing in the marshes of Triviers after a four-kilometre flight. The de Maistre brothers are credited with publishing the prospectus launching the project, published on 1 April 1784, and the letter containing a report on the aerostatic experiment in Chambéry, published on 8 May.[lower-alpha 7]

Xavier de Maistre was appointed cadet on 4 October 1784, second lieutenant on 3 March 1785 and lieutenant on 24 September 1790. In 1793, his regiment, fighting against French troops, retreated to the Little St Bernard. He was part of the column commanded by the Duke of Montferrat, which spent the summer on the mountain and wintered in Aosta. He was reunited with his family, who had taken refuge there in 1792 following the invasion of Savoy by the troops of General Anne Pierre de Montesquiou-Fézensac.

In his spare time, he studied literature under the guidance of the Fathers of the Barnabite Order. His stay was also marked by the drawings and family portraits that he bequeathed to his family and by his paintings of Valle d'Aosta landscapes. He stayed in Aosta for five years, until 1799. Wanting to perfect his studies, he took rhetoric lessons from Father Frassy and philosophy lessons from Father Tavernier, both teachers at the Collège Saint-Bénin. He also took up painting. Two landscapes he drew have survived: one depicts the Châtillon bridge, the other the Léverogne factories.[6] He struck up a conversation with a leper, Pietro Bernardo Guasco, who lived in a tower near the former Hospice de Charité, later known as the ‘Leper's Tower’. This meeting was the inspiration for his future novella. But what made an indelible impression most of all was his unrequited love affair with a pretty young woman from the Aosta Valley, Marie-Dauphine Pétey, widow of Aosta notary Claude-Michel Barillier, whom he nicknamed Elisa or Élise.[lower-alpha 8] One of the reminders of Xavier de Maistre's presence in Aosta is the street running from the Monseigneur Jourdain school to the Grand Seminary and the Émile Chanoux square, which was dedicated to him. In the 19th century, when the railway line from Chivas to Aosta was built, the Council of Delegates Avenue, which still today links the Place Innocent Manzetti (where Aosta station is located) to the Place Émile-Chanoux, was not laid out in a straight line, but moved slightly eastwards so as not to destroy the house where Xavier de Maistre had stayed.[8]

Portrait of Xavier de Maistre in Russian military uniform, a reproduction of a watercolour in the Castello di Borgo near Turin

It was in 1794 that he wrote A Journey Around My Room, during the forty-two days he spent under arrest in his room in the Turin citadel for having engaged in a duel with a Piedmontese officer named Patono de Meïran, in which he emerged victorious. He had already fought a duel with another comrade, Lieutenant Buonadonna.[lower-alpha 9] He was appointed captain in the Sardinian army on 26 January 1797, after 16 years of service.

On the night of 7 to 8 December 1798, Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated, disbanded his army and took refuge in Sardinia. Xavier de Maistre was placed in the position of officer without pay in Turin. His future seemed to be in jeopardy when a stroke of luck came to his rescue: Prince Pyotr Ivanovitch Bagration, commander of the vanguard of the Russian army, was looking for an officer from the former Sardinian army with experience of mountain warfare. Xavier de Maistre immediately accepted the offer and on 4 October 1799 joined the Russian army with the rank of captain. But he joined after the battle: the Russian army was in the process of withdrawing. He reached General Miloradovich's headquarters in Chur, Switzerland, and walked to General Bagration in Feldkirch, who asked him to paint his portrait. He was now dressed in an apple-green uniform, with a brick-coloured collar and facings. He was provided with a horse and was invited to sit at the General's table or that of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

His letters were dated from Lindau and signed ‘Bans, captain from Piedmont, serving with the Russian avant-garde’. The presence of the author of the A Journey Around My Room was soon known and his work was translated into German. He arrived in Regensburg on 15 December 1799 and painted the portrait of the Princess of Thurn and Taxis, sister of the Queen of Prussia. On 31 December 1799 in Prague, he was attached to General-in-Chief Suvorov and offered to paint his portrait. He was received at Prince Alexander Suvorov's table in the presence of the Prince of Condé and the Duke of Berry. There is nothing in his correspondence to show that he took part directly in the battle of Novi or the battle of Zurich, contrary to the opinion of some of his biographers.[lower-alpha 10] These two battles predate his enlistment in the Russian army.

On 17 March 1800, Xavier de Maistre wrote from Kobryn that Suvorov was ill. The general, who had fallen from grace at the behest of Tsar Paul I, died in Saint Petersburg on 18 May 1800 and was faithfully assisted by Xavier until the end. After Suvorov's death, Captain de Maistre asked to be discharged from the army. Recommended by Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, he was placed under the protection of Prince Gagarin in St Petersburg. On 28 September 1801, he accompanied him to Moscow to attend the coronation of Tsar Alexander, who succeeded his father, who had been assassinated on 23 March 1801. He now lived in Moscow, in the palace of Princess Maria Anna Petrovna Shakhovskoy, who took him in near Red Square; he opened a studio, which became very fashionable. His portraits met with some success among the Russian nobility.

On 25 January 1802, he received a letter from Prince Dolgorukov, the Emperor's aide-de-camp-general, announcing his absolute discharge with the rank of major, permission to wear uniform and a gratuity. On 11 February 1803, Joseph de Maistre was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary of the King of Sardinia to the Tsar. He reached St Petersburg on 13 May, after passing through the Vatican where he was received in audience by Pope Pius VII. The two brothers saw each other several times in 1803 and 1804. But it was not until 1805 that Xavier came to St Petersburg from Moscow. He was then appointed director of the Admiralty library and museum by Admiral Chichagov, at Joseph's request.[lower-alpha 11] On 26 August 1809, he was appointed colonel and joined the Russian army fighting in the Caucasus, which inspired him to write Prisoners of the Caucasus. He was seriously wounded on 15 November 1810 at the battle of Akhaltsikhe in Georgia.[lower-alpha 12] He was a member of the Tsar's staff during the Russian campaign. In a short account, Story of a French Prisoner, he recounts what he saw of the retreat from Russia. He was appointed general on 18 July 1813, and fought in the Saxony campaign, followed by that of 1815.[10]

Count Xavier de Maistre by Charles de Steuben, illustration from the book Russian Portraits of the 18th and 19th Centuries (1905–1909)

On 19 January 1813, he married Sophie Zagryazhsky, niece of Princess Shakhovskoy,[lower-alpha 13] maid of honour at the Imperial Court and aunt of Pushkin's wife. The wedding was celebrated at Court in the presence of the two empresses. The couple lived in the Winter Palace and had four children. But they lost two children, Alexandrine and André, aged eight and three.

On 23 April 1820, he was elected to the Academy of Sciences, Belles-Lettres, and Arts of Savoy, with the academic title Effectif (tenured).

On 1 December 1825, Tsar Nicholas succeeded his brother Alexander, who had just died from typhus. Xavier de Maistre witnessed the disorder of the Decembrist insurrection of 14 December 1825, which was put down by the new sovereign.[lower-alpha 14] In these circumstances, and to escape their two surviving children — Catherine and Arthur — from the harsh Russian climate, Xavier and Sophie de Maistre decided to leave for Italy, on the recommendation of their doctor. They stayed away from St Petersburg for a dozen years from 1826 to 1838. It was in Florence that Xavier de Maistre met Lamartine in September 1828. Lamartine had dedicated a long poem to him.[lower-alpha 15] The two men met again ten years later, on 26 September 1838, at the poet's home in Saint-Point.[lower-alpha 16]

Despite the care they received and the benefits of the Italian climate, both children died during their stay in Naples and Castellammare di Stabia, the last, Arthur, at the age of sixteen in October 1837.[lower-alpha 17] In April 1838, Xavier de Maistre decided to return to Russia with his wife, via Savoy. His sister-in-law, widowed in 1836 of his brother Nicolas, offered them hospitality at the Château de Bissy, near Chambéry.[lower-alpha 18] In 1839, in Paris, he met the literary critic Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve, who wrote an article about him.[12] On 2 July 1839, the couple finally returned to a changed St Petersburg.[lower-alpha 19] On 20 August 1841, they moved into the Jadimirsky house, at number 11 on the Moyka quay, near the Pochtamtsky Bridge, close to the current French Consulate General in St Petersburg.

He returned to painting and took an interest in the invention of the daguerreotype, which he anticipated would be of great benefit for the reproduction of engravings. He visited Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St Petersburg in detail with the architect Auguste de Montferrand. Until 1846, he had an ongoing correspondence with Rodolphe Töpffer, whose works he helped to make known in France.[13] His wife Sophie Zagryazhsky, whom he had married in 1813 and from whom he had four children who died young, died on 18 August 1851. Xavier de Maistre died on 12 June 1852. Although a Catholic, he was buried in St Petersburg's Lutheran cemetery, known as Smolensky, on Dekabristov Island, near the Smolenska river. This cemetery was used as a burial ground for non-orthodox Christians, both Catholics and Protestants.

Private life

On 19 January 1813, in Saint Petersburg, Count Xavier de Maistre married Sophie Zagryazhsky (1779–1851), daughter of Ivan Zagryazhsky (1749–1807), with whom he had four children:

  • Alexandrine de Maistre (1814–1823). She is buried in the Orthodox cemetery in Saint Petersburg
  • Catherine de Maistre (1816–1830), alias Cathinka. She is buried in the Livorno cemetery
  • André de Maistre (1817–1820). He is buried in the Smolensk cemetery in Saint Petersburg, next to his father
  • Arthur de Maistre (1821–1837). He is buried in the Basilica of Our Lady of Pozzano in Castellammare

Works

Literary work

Memorial to Joseph and Xavier de Maistre at the Château des ducs de Savoie in Chambéry

His best-known literary piece, A Journey Around My Room, was printed in Lausanne in 1795 on his own account. This first edition is dated from Turin, in 1794, without the name of the printer or the bookshop. It was published anonymously on the initiative of his brother Joseph: M.LE CHEV.X****** O.A.S.D.S.M.S. (Xavier, officer in the service of His Sardinian Majesty). This autobiographical work recounts the detention of a young officer, forced to stay in his room for forty-two days. It hijacks the genre of the travelogue, which gives the book a clearly parodic dimension, but also heralds the upheavals of Romanticism, with its constant interest in the self. A Journey is remarkable for its lightness, and the fantasy with which the author plays on his reader, in the tradition of Laurence Sterne.[14][15]

In the winter of 1809–1810, he wrote The Leper of the City of Aosta, the first edition of which was published in St Petersburg in 1811. It is a short work of around thirty pages, stylistically very simple, in which a dialogue is set out between a leper and a soldier. He later wrote two other novellas in 1825, The Young Siberian Woman[lower-alpha 20] and The Prisoners of the Caucasus.

Artistic work

In his acceptance speech to the Academy of Savoy in 1896, Emmanuel Denarié from Chambéry expressed his regret that Xavier de Maistre's paintings, kept in the inaccessible homes of Russian high society or piously sheltered in his family's salons, far from the boisterous appreciation of the critics, had escaped the curiosity of his most erudite biographers.

Xavier de Maistre is known for his portraits of the great figures of the Russian court and for his landscapes. Most of his work was lost in the fire at the Winter Palace in St Petersburg in 1837. However, a specimen of his talent as a miniaturist survives in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow: the watercolour portrait on ivory of the future Tsar Alexander II as a child, painted in 1802. The Tretyakov Gallery has a portrait of Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov. A number of neo-classical landscapes are on display at the Fine Arts Museum of Chambéry. The Assumption of the Virgin, painted by De Maistre in Pisa in 1828, is on display in the Church of the Assumption in La Bauche (Savoie).

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The De Maistre family from Savoie is not related to the De Maistre family from Toulouse in Languedoc.
  2. ↑ Xavier de Maistre was born in the Hôtel de Salins in Chambéry on 8 November 1763 and baptised the next day by Reverend Burdin, the parish priest of Saint-Léger, in the chapel of the Château de Chambéry, where parish services were held until the old Saint-Léger church, which was being demolished, was replaced by the church of Saint-François on 27 April 1767. He was given his father's name, François-Xavier.
  3. ↑ In 1851, Xavier confided to the Marquis Alphonse de Gabriac, a French diplomat visiting St Petersburg: "My brother and I were like the two hands of a watch; he was the large one, I was only the small one; but we marked the same time, albeit in a different way".[1]
  4. ↑ In French, the curé is the chief priest (assisted by a vicaire) of a parish.[3] Abbé André Isnard (1728–1823) was the curate of La Bauche for sixty years. Throughout the storms of the Revolution, he remained close to his flock, taking refuge in the homes of the inhabitants when the gendarmes raided their houses. He symbolises the heroism of Savoyard priests, over a thousand of whom were exiled or deported under the Terror. A number of religious were shot by the French revolutionaries during this tragic period. Father Isnard died aged 95 on 18 April 1823.
  5. ↑ He signed some of his letters and paintings ‘Bans’ or ‘X. B.’ for “Xavier Bans”.
  6. ↑ According to aerostation historians, it was a certain Chevalier de Chevelu who instigated the project and was also its main financier. His name appears in large letters on the envelope of the balloon. The Marquis d'Yenne, his father, having learned of a disastrous first attempt on Thursday 22 April 1784, forbade him to ‘repeat such a folly’.[5]
  7. ↑ The French Post Office issued a round commemorative postmark dated 5 May 1984 to celebrate the bicentenary of the Chambéry hot-air balloon flight.
  8. ↑ In Nocturnal Expedition Round My Room, Xavier de Maistre alludes to his loves in the city of Aosta: ‘I miss the falling leaves and even the passing zephyr. Where is the zephyr that waved your black hair, Elisa, when, sitting beside me on the banks of the Doire Baltée, on the eve of our eternal parting, you gazed at me in sad silence? Where is your look?"[7]
  9. ↑ "If I had had the skill to give him a good blow with my sword instead of receiving it, he probably wouldn't have been killed in Grenoble. I'm the one who made him rowdy..." (extract from a letter to his family dated 19 June 1804).
  10. ↑ "I haven't seen any business [battles] yet. I'm sorry about that, but it will come. I am taking advantage of the time off to learn Russian" (Letter to his family, 26 October 1799).
  11. ↑ "Count Xavier Xavierovitch, you must leave. Yesterday, the assurance of your place was given to the ministry, which told me in the evening that I could have you come. However, as the ukase has not been signed because of these formal difficulties that I spoke to you about, we have agreed (…) that you could say that you are coming to live with me, and that our family arrangements require it, but according to appearances, before you have been able to get into your sleigh, the ukase will be signed. Go, my child, go! (…) The Emperor gives you the choice of major, as you are, or court councilor, equivalent to lieutenant-colonel, in civilian life. I am leaning towards civilian life because of the boredom of the uniform that you will only be able to take off to sleep."[9]
  12. ↑ A Russian division under the command of General Filipp Osipovich Pauluchchi defeated the troops of Hussein, khan of the Erivan Khanate, who had been sent to assist the Turks. "It is not my fault that your brother was shot twice… Fortunately, he will not be crippled. The commander-in-chief presents him for the 3rd class of the Order of Saint Vladimir" (undated letter sent by General Pauluchchi to Joseph de Maistre).
  13. ↑ Ten years later, Xavier de Maistre wrote: "We were in pain over the loss of our good aunt, Princess Anna Alexandrovna Shakhovskaya, who died on October 28, 1823 at the age of 74. She was a mother to us. She has showered us with friendship since I have known her. She ended her career and that of her benevolence by canceling a debt of 250,000 rubles that we had with her."
  14. ↑ "We had a lucky escape, my dear friend, a horrible conspiracy has just broken out in the Russian army. Three generals have been massacred, the insurgents have been to the Senate, to the fortress, to the palace, but fortunately, too late. The Emperor has gone down to the courtyard and himself had the guard's rifles loaded..." (Letter from January 1826 to his family).
  15. ↑ In 1826, the poet Alphonse de Lamartine dedicated Le Retour, an epistle in verse entirely devoted to De Maistre. In the poem, Lamartine mentions his relationship with Xavier through his sister Césarine, who died in 1824 and had married Xavier de Vignet, nephew of De Maistre. In praising his relative, he assures us that his genius will bring him lasting glory from generation to generation.
  16. ↑ The Marquis de Caraman, who was present at this meeting, wrote in his memoirs: "...I noticed the very flattering compliment he addressed to M. de Maistre, attributing to him the first revelation of his poetic talent: "Because it is you," he said to him, "it is the reading of The Leper that made me a poet!"[11]
  17. ↑ "When so many disappointed hopes come back to my memory and I think that they were given to me in such profusion in the last days of my life only to be dashed, I cannot help sometimes looking at them as an execrable irony of my cruel destiny... My wife must now return to Russia, no longer having reason for her son's health: the law obliges her to do so and besides, it is my duty to bring her back to her country, from which I so unfortunately tore her away. God will help us; I still hope in him, when my reason is not troubled" (extract from a letter dated November 7, 1837 to his family).
  18. ↑ "I took advantage of these short intervals to go and visit my brother's tomb at La Motte-Servolex. The whole story of our youth, the memory of his constant tenderness for me seemed to come out of the earth. The place of Fanchette (his cousin Françoise Perrin d'Avressieux) is already more sunken and is barely visible. I used to write: And the azure of a cloudless sky is less serene than your gaze. These verses came back to my memory near his tomb and I smiled bitterly at the chimeras that animate human life and which end there" (letter to his family, Bissy, August 25, 1838).
  19. ↑ "Gambling invades everything. Even young women spend their time playing whist... Among the notable men, we can cite Mr. Moritz von Jacobi who has made several useful inventions, among others, that of using electromagnetism as a principle of movement and has, by this means, made a boat move against the current of the Neva" (letter to his family, November 12, 1839).
  20. ↑ An account of the journey of Praskovia Lupolova, who set off on foot from Ishim in Siberia to ask for her father's pardon in Saint Petersburg.

Citations

  1. ↑ Descostes, François (1893). Joseph de Maistre avant la Révolution. Paris: Picard.
  2. ↑ Barthelet, Philippe (2005). Joseph de Maistre. Lausanne/Paris: L'Âge d'homme.
  3. ↑ "Curate". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  4. ↑ Pellissier (2001).
  5. ↑ Nicolas, Jean; Renée Nicolas (1979). La Vie quotidienne en Savoie aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Paris: Hachette.
  6. ↑ Henry, Joseph-Marie (1929). Histoire de la vallée d'Aoste. Aoste: Imprimerie Marguerettaz.
  7. ↑ Bordeaux, Henry (1931). Les Amours de Xavier de Maistre à Aoste. Chambéry: Dardel.
  8. ↑ Nicolotti, Mauro Caniggia; Luca Poggianti (2010). Aoste inconnue: traces cachées, oubliées ou invisibles de la vieille ville. Aoste: Typog. La Vallée.
  9. ↑ Miquel (2000), pp. 101–102.
  10. ↑ Les Deux Frères Joseph et Xavier de Maistre - Leur vie, leurs écrits. Lille: Librairie Saint Charles (1880).
  11. ↑ Roth, Georges (1927). Lamartine et la Savoie. Extraits situés et commentés. Chambéry: Dardel éditeur.
  12. ↑ Sainte-Beuve (1839)
  13. ↑ Willems, Philippe (2009). "Rodolphe Töpffer and Romanticism," Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. XXXVII, No. 3/4, pp. 227–46.
  14. ↑ Baldwin, Charles Sears (1902). "The Literary Influence of Sterne in France," PMLA, Vol. XVII, No. 2, pp. 221–36.
  15. ↑ Asfour, Lana (2008). Laurence Sterne in France. Londres/New York: Continuum.

References

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Berthier, Alfred (1918). Xavier de Maistre: étude biographique et littéraire. Paris: Emmanuel Vitte.
Bonnefon, Paul (1909). "Xavier de Maistre. Lettres inédites," Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France, 16e Année, No. 4, pp. 691–733.
Cadot, Michel (1967). La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, 1839-1856. Paris: Fayard.
Ciardi, Marco (1997). "Men of Letters and Science. The Case of Xavier de Maistre (1763-1852)," Nuncius, Vol. XII, No. 2, pp. 447–66.
Daniel-Rops, Henri; Henri Ménabréa; Bernard Secret & Paolo Alfonso Farinet (1952). Xavier de Maistre, 1852-1952. Études. Chambéry: Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Savoie.
Davidenkoff, Anita (2004). "Xavier de Maistre, la Russie et Pouchkine." In: Jean-Pierre Poussou, Yves Perret-Gentil & Anne Mézin, eds., L'Influence française en Russie au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne, pp. 465–79.
Ernouf, Alfred-Auguste (1878). "Xavier de Maistre: Œuvres inédites et correspondance," Le Correspondant, Vol. CX, pp. 518–32.
Fortunati, Vittorio (2022). Xavier de Maistre, via della Provvidenza. Pisa: Edizioni ETS.
France, Anatole (1917). "Xavier de Maistre." In: Le Génie Latin. Paris: Calmann-Lévy, pp. 325–29.
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Gagarin, Ivan (1880). "Une lettre inédite de Xavier de Maistre," Études, Vol. L, pp. 427–32.
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Izzi, Giuseppe (2006). "Maistre, Xavier de." In: Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Vol. 67. Roma: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
Jaccond, Luca Elfo (2023). "Xavier de Maistre e Aleksandr S. Puškin: un'insolita “parentela” letteraria," Studi Francesi, Vol. LXVII, No. 3, pp. 552–69.
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La Fuye, Maurice de (1934). Xavier de Maistre: gentilhomme européen. Tours: Maison Mame.
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Lovie, Jacques (1978). "Lettres et notes sur le séjour de Xavier de Maistre en Italie entre 1829 et 1839," Bulletin du Centre d'études franco-italien, No. 2/3, pp. 25–42.
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McCallam, David (2012). "Xavier de Maistre and Angelology." In: (Re-)Writing the Radical: Enlightenment, Revolution, and Cultural Transfer in 1790s Germany, Britain and France. Berlin: De Gruyter.
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Palacios Bernal, Concepción (1999). "Xavier de Maistre, dos siglos después." In: Marta Giné-Janer, ed., La literatura francesa de los siglos XIX-XX y sus traducciones en el siglo XX hispánico. Lleida: Universitat de Lleida, pp. 23–34.
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