U.S. Route 422

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U.S. Route 422 marker

U.S. Route 422
Route information
Auxiliary route of US 22
Length: 271 mi[1] (436 km)
Existed: 1926[1] – present
Western segment
Length: 183 mi[1] (295 km)
West end: US 6 / US 20 / US 42 / US 322 / US 422 / SR 3 / SR 8 / SR 14 / SR 43 / SR 87 in Cleveland, OH
Major
junctions:		 I-90 in Cleveland, OH

I-271 / I-480 in Solon, OH
I-80 near Youngstown, OH
I-376 near New Castle, PA
US 224 in New Castle, PA
US 19 near Portersville, PA
I-79 near Portersville, PA
PA 8 near Butler, PA
PA 28 near Kittanning, PA

US 119 near Indiana, PA
East end: US 219 near Ebensburg, PA
Eastern segment
Length: 88 mi[1] (142 km)
West end: US 322 / PA 39 near Hummelstown, PA
Major
junctions:		 US 222 near Reading, PA

I-176 near Reading, PA

PA 100 in Pottstown, PA
East end: US 202 near King Of Prussia, PA
Highway system
← SR 421 OH SR 423 x20px →
← x20px PA 420 PA PA 423 →

U.S. Route 422 (US 422) is a 271-mile (436 km) long spur route of US 22 split into two segments in the U.S. states of Ohio and Pennsylvania. The western spur of US 422 begins in downtown Cleveland and ends at Ebensburg, Pennsylvania. The eastern spur, located entirely within Pennsylvania, begins in Hershey and ends at King of Prussia, PA, near Philadelphia. U.S. Route 422 Business is the offshoot road into each of 4 towns along the way.

The segmented nature of US 422 violates AASHTO numbering, as two separate roadways traditionally do not carry the same route number. However, the two sections of US 422 are connected by US 22 and US 322, allowing the two halves of US 422 to carry the same designation.[2]

In downtown Cleveland, the western terminus of the western segment of US 422 is at US 6, US 20, US 42, and State Route 3 in Cleveland's Public Square. In Hershey, Pennsylvania, the eastern segment of US 422 begins at an interchange with US 322 and Pennsylvania Route 39 (PA 39). US 422 is named the Benjamin Franklin Highway in Pennsylvania.

Originally, US 422 was routed along existing roads, but much of the route now runs along purpose-built alignments.

Route description

Western segment

Ohio

The western section of US 422 begins at the center of Cleveland's Public Square in the downtown district. US 422 and State Route 14, which shares its western terminus with that of US 422, form a concurrency as the roadway heads south from the square. Less than a mile from the Public Square, US 422 and SR 14 intersect the Cleveland Innerbelt, the confluence of Interstate 90 (I-90) and the northern termini of I-71 and I-77. US 422 and SR 14 split at the interchange as SR 14 turns south to join State Route 43. State Route 8 begins at the eastern terminus of the US 422/SR 14 overlap, forming a concurrency with US 422 along Woodland Avenue.

US 422 runs easterly along Woodland Avenue and Kinsman Road, through the Kinsman neighborhood. As it crosses Cleveland's city limits just west of Lee Road in Shaker Heights, the street name changes to Chagrin Boulevard, named for the Chagrin River and Chagrin Falls (the eastern terminus of the boulevard) in Cleveland's eastern suburbs. Today, US 422 in Shaker Heights and Beachwood, where it now merges with I-271, is almost a linear edge city, with millions of square feet in office space centered on this corridor. It is one of the busiest streets in Cuyahoga County and Greater Cleveland. It serves as the primary commercial district for the wealthiest pocket of communities in Northeast Ohio.

At Northfield Road, SR 8 turns to the south, leaving US 422 to continue east along Chagrin Boulevard. Two miles east of SR 8 in Beachwood, US 422 intersects State Route 87 and State Route 175, running concurrent with the former for two blocks to I-271 exit 29. Here, US 422 departs SR 87 and Chagrin Boulevard at the southbound ramp to I-271 and joins the expressway southward for 2.5 miles (4.0 km). At Exit 27, US 422 splits from I-271 and proceeds through the eastern suburbs of Cleveland as a limited-access highway, exiting Cuyahoga County and entering Geauga County.

In Auburn Township, US 422 returns to grade-level upon crossing the LaDue Reservoir. The route continues to the southeast, cutting through northeast Portage County and then entering Trumbull County, where US 422 runs through the center of Warren and Girard. The section from downtown Warren to State Route 46 is known as "The Strip" and is lined with shopping centers, fast-food restaurants and other retail establishments. In the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs along The Strip attracted top-name entertainers. Eastwood Mall is one of two large shopping malls located near US 422, along with the King of Prussia Mall in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania.

Farther southeast, US 422 enters Youngstown, Mahoning County before entering Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania

US 422 enters Pennsylvania eight miles (13 km) northwest of New Castle. The route proceeds to the east, passing through the counties of Lawrence, Butler, Armstrong, Indiana, and Cambria County, in the western portion of the state. Major cities along the route include New Castle, Butler, Kittanning, and Indiana.

West of Ebensburg, US 422 terminates at an interchange with US 219; a sign directs truck traffic to US 22 to use US 219. The former right-of-way of US 422 continues through Ebensburg to US 22 on the eastern edge of town.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Eastern segment

Pennsylvania

US 422 west approaching US 222 in Reading.

The eastern section of US 422 begins at an interchange with US 322 and PA 39 in Hershey near the Hershey Medical Center and just outside Hummelstown. US 422 proceeds east as a two-or-three-lane highway, traveling through Palmyra, Annville and Cleona. In Lebanon, US 422 departs Cumberland Street to southbound 12th Street then turns left onto Walnut Street as its eastbound alignment. (Cumberland Street is its one-way westbound alignment.) It returns to a two-to-three-lane road east from Lebanon to Myerstown, and Wernersville prior to entering the Berks County city of Reading.

East of Douglassville and PA 662 on US 422 west as the freeway ends.

In West Lawn, outside of Reading, US 422 interchanges with the limited-access US 222. US 422 Business, the former routing of US 422 through the city, continues straight while US 422 merges with the expressway. The US 222/US 422 concurrency travels northward through the immediate western suburbs of Reading before separating at an interchange with PA 12 on the bank of the Schuylkill River. US 222 turns to the west to bypass Reading to the north while US 422 passes to the immediate south of downtown, paralleling the Schuylkill as it heads east.

Southeast of Reading, US 422 meets the northern terminus of I-176 in Cumru Township. Two miles to the east in Lorane, US 422 intersects the eastern terminus of US 422 Business by way of an interchange, and returns to grade-level there.

US 422 east at PA 100.

East of an intersection with PA 662 in Douglassville and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the Berks-Montgomery county line, US 422 separates from the Benjamin Franklin Highway and becomes the limited-access Pottstown Bypass (colloquially known as the "422 Bypass" or simply "The Bypass"). Following the Stowe exit, US 422 crosses the Schuylkill River entering the Chester County census-designated place of South Pottstown and interchanges with PA 100, and later, still near Pottstown, re-crosses that river.

View of Limerick Nuclear Facility cooling towers from US 422 west.

Midway between Pottstown and Limerick, US 422 passes the Pottstown Limerick Airport, one of numerous local airports in eastern Pennsylvania. On the west side of the road, US 422 passes a commercial outlet center, the Philadelphia Premium Outlets, built in 2007.

US 422 passes Royersford, Collegeville (home to Ursinus College and a branch of the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer) and Oaks, and provides access to the sprawling Oaks Corporate Center office park on Egypt Road, then continues to Trooper, and finally arrives at its eastern terminus at an interchange with US 202 in King of Prussia, an area where heavy traffic caused by commuters traveling into Philadelphia during each weekday morning rush hour often causes severe traffic jams.[citation needed]

The terminus of US 422 in King of Prussia is accessible from a number of major roadways in the area, including the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the Schuylkill Expressway, and US 202. The terminus is adjacent to the Valley Forge Turnpike interchange, one of the most notable on the Turnpike as the exit marks the location where I-76, which in Pennsylvania runs concurrent with the Turnpike mainline west of Valley Forge, separates from the Turnpike and turns southeast to Philadelphia as the Schuylkill Expressway, while the Pennsylvania Turnpike continues east to New Jersey as I-276 (and, in the near future, I-95).

History

Western segment

The western segment was first signed in 1926.

Ohio

Most of the highway in Ohio still runs along its original alignment. The section in Parkman Township, Geauga County was twinned during World War II. The four-lane divided highway was extended to Warren by 1950. In 1971, an expressway bypass around downtown Youngstown opened.

The divided highway portion of US 422 connecting downtown Solon to I-271 and I-480 was originally signed[citation needed] as US 422 Alternate. In 1991, the freeway was extended eastward through Bainbridge Township across the LaDue Reservoir to State Route 44 in Auburn Center, and US 422 was rerouted along I-271 and the former US 422 alternate. The new freeway made US 422 a popular route for truckers and commuters and made the remaining two-lane portion in Geauga County particularly dangerous. The state has added traffic lights, rumble strips and extra width to the road to try to alleviate some of the danger.

Prior to the realignment, US 422 originally ran along Chagrin Boulevard (formerly Kinsman Road) and Washington Street through Woodmere, Pepper Pike, Moreland Hills, Chagrin Falls and Bainbridge Township.

Pennsylvania

The expressway bypass of Butler was built in the early 1960s. Previously, the road ran through downtown Butler. The section that runs through Moraine State Park near Butler was upgraded to expressway standards in 1969. In the 1970s, bypasses were built around the cities of New Castle, Kittanning and Indiana. Sections of the Indiana bypass remained incomplete until 1995 and the Kittanning bypasses were completed in 2000. Part of the bypass in New Castle is now part of the Interstate Highway System, as a recent extension of I-376 runs concurrent with US 422 for three miles (5 km).

Eastern segment

Reading

US 422 west at US 422 Business east of Reading.

In the 1960s, US 422 in the Reading area was rerouted from surface streets through downtown Reading onto bypasses built south of the city. The former routing of US 422 through the city became US 422 Business.[3]

Pottstown to King of Prussia

Before it became highways, US 422 ran on surface roads through Pottstown and Sanatoga (High Street),Limerick and Collegeville (Ridge Pike, occasionally referred to locally as "Old 422"), Plymouth Meeting, and the Germantown section of Philadelphia (via Germantown Pike and Germantown Avenue), terminating in different places in Philadelphia over time. In 1965, the highway route of US 422 was extended 8.4 miles (13.5 km) east with the "Pottstown Bypass", following the Schuylkill River and terminating at Township Line Road in Sanatoga. At the same time, a segment of highway was built from King of Prussia to Trooper, terminating at the Betzwood Bridge. It took roughly another twenty years for the remaining segments between Sanatoga and Trooper to be completed, finally connecting the highway route to King of Prussia.[4] (Eastbound on US 422, the median strip widens just after the Sanatoga exit, as the road leaves the old Pottstown bypass.)

In the first decade of the 2000s, this segment of US 422 saw traffic volume increase by 50%. Volume reached 45,000 vehicles per day at Pottstown, and 110,000 vehicles per day at the bridge crossing the Schuylkill.[5]

At the federal level, the Schuylkill Valley Metro was proposed to connect Philadelphia to Reading. This rail service would parallel US 422 from King of Prussia into Berks County. It failed when the bloated price tag of $1.3 billion did not receive federal funding in 2006.

Construction of a third westbound lane between PA 23 and PA 363 began in February 2008[6] and was completed roughly a year later. The project restructured the Route 23 interchange and squeezed three westbound lanes onto the existing Schuylkill River crossing, using 11-foot (3.4 m) lanes and a narrower median guard.[7]

Local planning commissions then created a "US 422 Corridor Master Plan". This plan addressed the future trends of traffic on US 422 through a set of sustainability programs, a proposed extension to SEPTA's Manayunk/Norristown Line regional rail service to Wyomissing (a restoration of rail service between Norristown/Reading/Pottsville that SEPTA abruptly terminated in July 1981), and additional road construction. The plan's rail and construction projects would be funded by tolling the highway.[8] Tolls would be charged on a per-mile basis; driving the entire segment between Pottstown and King of Prussia would cost $2. All tolls would be electronically collected via the E-ZPass electronic toll collection system.[9] The plan was debated in local municipalities during 2010, with many adopting the sustainability portions of the plan while objecting to the charging of tolls.[10] On October 5, 2011, under increasing pressure and opposition, DVRPC cancelled the tolling proposal and stated that the highway would be expanded under regular PennDOT programming instead.[11][12]

In 2013, work began to make the partial interchange with PA 363, which was originally a westbound exit and eastbound entrance, a full interchange by adding a ramp from PA 363 to westbound US 422 and from eastbound US 422 to PA 363.[13] The new ramps opened to traffic on December 1, 2015.[14]

King of Prussia termination

In the early 2000s, the US 422, US 202, and I-76 interchange in King of Prussia underwent a massive five-year reconstruction project that involved the construction of new ramps and the widening of all intersecting roadways. Several small businesses in the King of Prussia area were demolished as part of this project: the nearby King of Prussia Mall shopping complex was also affected.

Major intersections

County Location mi[15][16] km Exit Destinations Notes
Cuyahoga Cleveland 0.00 0.00 US 6 / US 20 west / US 42 / SR 3 south (Superior Avenue)
SR 8 / SR 14 / SR 43 / SR 87 begins / Public Square		 Western terminus, west end of SR 8/SR 14/SR 43/SR 87 overlap
0.06 0.097 US 20 east (South Roadway) Eastbound direction of US 20
0.58 0.93 SR 10 west (Carnegie Avenue)
0.65 1.05 I-90 (Innerbelt Freeway) to I-71 I-90 exit 171
0.91 1.46 SR 14 / SR 43 east (East 14th Street) East end of SR 14/SR 43 overlap
1.56 2.51 I-77 (Willow Freeway) – Akron I-77 exit 162A
2.42 3.89 SR 87 east (Woodland Avenue) East end of SR 87 overlap
Shaker Heights 8.84 14.23 SR 8 south (Northfield Road) East end of SR 8 overlap
Beachwood 10.82 17.41 SR 87 west / SR 175 (Richmond Road) West end of SR 87 overlap
West end of freeway
11.03–
11.27		 17.75–
18.14		 29 I-271 north – Erie
SR 87 east (West Chagrin Boulevard)		 East end of SR 87 overlap, west end of I-271 overlap
Orange 12.22 19.67 28B Harvard Road
Bedford Heights 13.15 21.16 28A SR 175 (Richmond Road) / Emery Road Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
13.19 21.23 27 I-271 south / I-480 east – Columbus, Youngstown
I-480 west (via I-480N west) – Toledo		 East end of I-271 overlap
Solon 16.20 26.07 Cochran Road / Harper Road
17.97 28.92 SR 91 – Solon, Moreland Hills
Geauga Bainbridge Township 23.23 37.39 SR 306 / Bainbridge Road / Chagrin Road
Auburn Township 29.62 47.67 SR 44 – Chardon, Ravenna
East end of freeway
Troy Township 33.51 53.93 SR 700 (Claridon Troy Road)
Parkman Township 37.82 60.87 SR 88 / SR 528 (Main Street)
39.87 64.16 SR 282 south (Nelson Lodge Road)
Portage
 No major junctions
Trumbull Southington Township 44.43 71.50 SR 305
45.55 73.31 SR 534
Warren Township 50.40–
50.42		 81.11–
81.14		 SR 5 / SR 82 (Warren Outer Belt) Interchange
Warren 53.74 86.49 SR 45 (Todd Avenue)
54.77 88.14 SR 169 south (Niles Road SE)
Niles 58.95 94.87 SR 46 (Niles Cortland Road)
Weathersfield Township 60.99 98.15 SR 169 north (Robbins Avenue)
Girard 62.59 100.73 SR 304 east (Churchill Hubbard Road)
63.53–
63.57		 102.24–
102.31		 I-80 / SR 11 I-80/SR 11 exit 227
Mahoning Youngstown 65.63 105.62 SR 711 Interchange
West end of freeway
66.69–
66.78		 107.33–
107.47		 SR 193 (Madison Avenue Expressway/Wirt Street) to I-680 – Pittsburgh, Cleveland
SR 289 east (Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard)
67.27–
67.48		 108.26–
108.60		 Belmont Avenue / Fifth Avenue – Downtown
67.97 109.39 Wick Avenue / Andrews Avenue – Youngstown State University
68.13–
68.51		 109.64–
110.26		 US 62 / SR 7 – Hubbard, Poland
East end of freeway
68.74 110.63 SR 289 west (North Lane Avenue/Oak Street) Westbound direction of SR 289
Youngstown –
Coitsville Township		 72.42 116.55 SR 616 (Coitsville Hubbard Road/Struthers Coitsville Road)
  74.98
0.0		 120.67
0.0		 Ohio–Pennsylvania state line
Lawrence Pulaski Township 0.1 0.16 PA 208 east (Marr Road) Western terminus of PA 208
Mahoning Township 5.0 8.0 PA 551 (Edinburg Road)
Union Township West end of freeway
7.8 12.6 12
I-376 north (Beaver Valley Expressway) / US 422 Bus. east (Sampson Street) – Sharon		 Western terminus of concurrency, Western terminus of BUS US 422
8.9 14.3 13 US 224 (State Street) – Poland
10.3 16.6 15
I-376 east (James E. Ross Highway) – Pittsburgh		 Eastern terminus of concurrency
Taylor Township 12.6 20.3 PA 168 (Pittsburg Road)
Shenango Township 15.3 24.6 PA 65 (Elwood Road)
16.3 26.2
US 422 Bus. west (New Butler Road) – New Castle		 Eastern terminus of BUS US 422
East end of freeway
18.1 29.1 PA 388
Butler Muddy Creek Township 23.5 37.8 US 19 (Perry Highway) – Mercer, Zelienople Interchange
West end of freeway
25.0 40.2 I-79 (Raymond P. Shaffer Highway) – Erie, Pittsburgh Exit 96 (I 79)
25.5 41.0 West Park Road – North Shore Eastbound entrance, Westbound exit
27.6 44.4 Pleasant Valley Road – South Shore
Franklin Township 30.9 49.7 PA 528 (Prospect Road/Franklin Street) – Prospect
East end of freeway
32.8 52.8 PA 488 west (Main Street) Eastern terminus of PA 488
Butler Township West end of freeway
36.7 59.1 PA 356 south (New Castle Road) – Lyndora, Butler Northern terminus of PA 356
39.6 63.7 PA 8 (North Main Street Extension) – Harrisville, Butler
Summit Township 41.0 66.0 PA 38 north (Oneida Valley Road/Chicora Road) / PA 68 Southern terminus of PA 38
42.5 68.4 Mitchell Hill Road
East end of freeway
Armstrong East Franklin Township West end of freeway
58.2 93.7 Nolte Drive / Pleasent Valley Drive
58.5 94.1 PA 268 / US 422 Bus. east (Franklin Hill Road) – West Kittanning
59.0 95.0 PA 28 south (Allegheny Valley Expressway) – Pittsburgh Western terminus of concurrency
Manor Township 61.3 98.7 A PA 66 south (Water Street) – Ford City Western terminus of concurrency
B To US 422 Bus. – Kittanning
62.9 101.2 PA 28 / PA 66 north / US 422 Bus. west – New Bethlehem, Kittanning Eastern terminus of concurrency, Eastern terminus of BUS US 422
East end of freeway
Plumcreek Township 75.1 120.9 PA 210
Indiana Shelocta 78.1 125.7 PA 56 west / PA 156 south Western terminus of concurrency, Northern terminus of PA 156
Armstrong Township West end of freeway
83.0 133.6 US 422 Bus. east (Philadelphia Street)
White Township 85.1 137.0 PA 286 (Oakland Avenue) / PA 286 Truck begins Western terminus of concurrency
87.5 140.8 US 119 / PA 56 east / PA 286 Truck north / US 422 Bus. west (Buffalo-Pittsburgh Highway) – Punxsutawney, Blairsville Eastern terminus of concurrency
88.6 142.6 PA 954 (6th Street)
Cherryhill Township 93.8 151.0 Chestnut Ridge Road – Chestnut Ridge Westbound entrance, eastbound exit
94.1 151.4 PA 553 east – Penn Run Westbound entrance, eastbound exit
East end of freeway
97.7 157.2 PA 259 south
Pine Township 102 164 PA 403
Cambria Blacklick Township 106 171 PA 271 north (Duman Road) Western terminus of concurrency
106 171 PA 271 south (Station Road) Eastern terminus of concurrency
Cambria Township 113 182 US 219 Interchange; east end of western section
Gap in route
Dauphin Derry Township 0.0 0.0 US 322 (Governor Road) / PA 39 (Hersheypark Drive) – Harrisburg, Campbelltown, Ephrata Interchange, western terminus of eastern segment,
eastern terminus of PA 39
2.40 3.86 PA 743 (Park Avenue, Cocoa Avenue) Intersection of Chocolate and Cocoa Avenues
Lebanon Palmyra 6.23 10.03 PA 117 south (Forge Road) Northern terminus of PA 117
Annville 10.22 16.45 PA 934 (White Oak Street)
Lebanon 14.54 23.40 PA 72 south (10th Street) one-way
PA 72 north (9th Street) one-way
15.74 25.33 PA 897 south (5th Avenue) Northern terminus of PA 897
Myerstown 21.19 34.10 PA 645 north (Locust Street) – Frystown Southern terminus of PA 645
21.55 34.68 PA 501 (College Street) – Bethel, Lancaster
Berks Womelsdorf 27.96 45.00 PA 419 (3rd Street) – Rehrersburg, Schaefferstown
Sinking Spring 37.88 60.96 PA 724 east (Shillington Road) – Shillington Western terminus of PA 724
Spring Township West end of freeway
39.68 63.86 US 222 south – Lancaster
US 422 Bus. east (Penn Avenue)		 West end of US 222 concurrency,
western terminus of Reading BUS US 422
Wyomissing 40.50 65.18 State Hill Road
41.20 66.30 Crossing Drive, Paper Mill Road
41.68 67.08 US 222 north – Allentown
PA 12 east – Pricetown		 East end of US 222 concurrency,
western terminus of PA 12
42.26 68.01 North Wyomissing Boulevard
West Reading 43.20 69.52 US 422 Bus. (Penn Avenue/Penn Street) – Reading, West Reading
Reading 44.04 70.88 US 222 Bus. (Lancaster Avenue) to PA 10
Cumru Township 46.41 74.69 I-176 south – Morgantown Northern terminus of I-176
Exeter Township 48.48 78.02 US 422 Bus. west (Perkiomen Avenue) – Mount Penn Eastern terminus of Reading BUS US 422
East end of freeway
52.05 83.77 PA 345 south (Center Road) – Birdsboro, Coatesville Northern terminus of PA 345,
former northern terminus of PA 82
Douglass Township 56.53 90.98 PA 662 north (Old Swede Road) – Amityville, Fleetwood Southern terminus of PA 662
West end of freeway
56.88 91.54 Benjamin Franklin Highway east – Stowe, Pottstown Eastbound exit, westbound entrance
Montgomery West Pottsgrove Township 59.09 95.10 Stowe
Chester North Coventry Township 59.32 95.47 PA 100 (Pottstown Pike) – West Chester, Allentown
59.71 96.09 Hanover Street Westbound exit, eastbound entrance
60.66 97.62 Keim Street Eastbound exit, westbound entrance
61.05 98.25 PA 724 – Phoenixville
Montgomery Lower Pottsgrove Township 61.66 99.23 Armand Hammer Boulevard
64.01 103.01 Sanatoga
Limerick Township 66.49 107.01 Limerick, Linfield
68.26 109.85 Royersford, Trappe
Upper Providence Township 71.85 115.63 PA 29 (Collegeville Road) – Phoenixville, Collegeville
74.50 119.90 Oaks, Audubon
West Norriton Township 77.94 125.43 PA 363 north (Trooper Road) – Audubon, Trooper Southern terminus of PA 363
Upper Merion Township 78.77 126.77 PA 23 (Valley Forge Road) – Valley Forge, Bridgeport Interchange, entrance to Valley Forge National Historical Park
Chester Tredyffrin Township 79.27 127.57 First Avenue Eastbound exit and entrance
80.41 129.41 US 202 to I-76 west / Penna Turnpike / Swedesford Road – West Chester, King of Prussia
I-76 east (Schuylkill Expressway) – Philadelphia		 Eastern terminus of eastern segment
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Related routes

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 US Highways From US 1 to US 830 Robert V. Droz.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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External links

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