Schuylkill Canal

Schuylkill Navigation
Lock 60, guard lock of the Oakes Reach.
Specifications
Length	90 miles (140 km) (originally 108 mi or 174 km)
Maximum boat length
Maximum boat beam	(originally ) (Size of Lock 60)
Locks	44 (originally 72)
Maximum height above sea level	618.75 ft (188.60 m) (above mid tide of Delaware River)
Status	Mostly infilled
Schuylkill Navigation Canal, Oakes Reach Section
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Pennsylvania state historical marker
Nearest city	Phoenixville, Pennsylvania
Coordinates
Area	155.3 acres (62.8 ha)
Built	1821
Architect	Thomas Oakes
NRHP Reference #	88000462
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	May 06, 1988
Designated PHMC	September 04, 1994
History
Principal engineer	Thomas Oakes
Construction began	1815
Date completed	1827
Date closed	1947
Geography
Start point	(originally ) (18 miles (29 km) above Port Clinton abandoned by December 1887)
End point

Schuylkill Canal is the common, but technically inaccurate, name for the Schuylkill Navigation, a 19th-century commercial waterway in and along the Schuylkill River in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The "canal" was actually a system of interconnected canals and slack-water pools in the river, which is called a navigation. The Schuylkill Navigation opened in 1825 to provide transportation and water power. At the time, the river was the least expensive and most efficient method of transporting bulk cargo. It fostered the mining of anthracite coal as the major source of industry between Pottsville and Eastern markets. Mules pulled barges of coal from Port Carbon to Pottsville; to the ports of Philadelphia; and thence through additional waterways, to New York City markets.

The canal eventually declined due to the rise of rail transport, and was almost completely filled in the 1950s. The two remaining watered reaches are now used for recreation.

History

The Schuylkill Navigation Company was chartered in 1815 to build a series of navigation improvements in the Schuylkill River. A waterway of 108 miles (174 km) was completed in 1827 linking Philadelphia to Port Carbon in the anthracite coal fields or the Coal Region of Pottsville. Combining 62 miles (100 km) of separate canals, often referred to as "reaches", with 46 miles (74 km) of slack water pools, the Schuylkill Navigation used 92 lift locks to overcome a difference of 588 feet (179 m) in elevation between its terminal points. The Union Canal, built between 1821 and 1828, connected with the Schuylkill Canal at Reading; the two canals combined to make a water link between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River at Middletown. This route competed with and became secondary to the east–west divisions of the Pennsylvania Canal on the Main Line of Public Works between Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh. The Schuylkill Canal also featured the first transportation tunnel in America. The Auburn Tunnel, a 450-foot (137 m) bore through a hill near Auburn, was completed in 1821, but due to increased traffic, canal modifications turned it into an open-cut by 1857.

Schuylkill Canal (starting at Philadelphia) with other US canals of 1825

By transporting bulk cargoes and provide water power, the Schuylkill Navigation transformed the towns of Reading, Norristown, and Pottsville into early manufacturing centers. By using the Delaware River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal, manufactured products and anthracite from the Schuylkill Valley could also reach New York Harbor. The Schuylkill Navigation system quickly assumed a monopoly position in the transportation of anthracite coal from the coal mines of Schuylkill County to Philadelphia, and by 1841, was annually transporting over 737,517 tons of cargo.

Competition with the railroad

In 1841, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad opened, and within four years, was hauling three times as much anthracite to Philadelphia each year as the Schuylkill Navigation. In response, the Schuylkill Navigation Company enlarged its canals; by 1847, they could accommodate the passage of boats carrying 230 tons of coal. In 1850, a price-fixing arrangement with the railroad stabilized prices for the transportation of anthracite. This decade was the Schuylkill Navigation's most prosperous period; in 1859, its peak year, it transported 1,700,000 tons of cargo. However, in that same year the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad carried over 2,500,000 tons.

Decline

During the 1860s the canal began to decline. In 1869 it was damaged by a flood. Surrendering to the competition in 1870, the Schuylkill Navigation Company leased its waterway to the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad for 110 years. Under the railroad's control, the Schuylkill Navigation continued to decline. Since the Delaware and Raritan Canal was owned by the competing Pennsylvania Railroad, Schuylkill boats were denied access to this important New Jersey waterway. As a result, traffic on the Schuylkill decreased rapidly. Adding insult to injury, the PRR itself invaded the Schuylkill's territory with the construction of its Schuylkill Branch in the mid-1880s. By 1890 only 144,994 tons of cargo passed through the Schuylkill Navigation. The Schuylkill Navigation was also hindered by coal silt deposits that made its upper sections almost unusable. By 1891 the portion of Navigation above Port Clinton was abandoned. By 1904 the anthracite traffic had almost completely ceased, and after 1913 only an occasional cargo passed between Port Clinton and Philadelphia. Excursion vessels and pleasure boating remained active on the Schuylkill Navigation until most of the canals were filled by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania during 1947–1979 in efforts to remove coal silt from the Schuylkill River.

Chester County Canal

The Chester County Canal, also known as the Phoenixville Branch Canal, was an addition to the Navigation built by the Schuylkill Navigation Company in 1828 to provide water power to a new nail works in Phoenixville. The new canal connected the slackwater pool of the Schuylkill Canal above the Black Rock Dam to Phoenixville. This canal paralleled the top end of the Oakes Reach, on the opposite side or the river. While the Chester County Canal was initially built to provide water power to the mill, in 1847 it carried scheduled passenger service between Phoenixville and Norristown. The spring freshet of 1869 destroyed the mill "and very much injured the canal and its locks."

The Navigation in the present day

While many of the dams remain, there are only two watered stretches of the canal still in existence. Some 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of the original 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long Oakes Reach between Oaks and Mont Clare and the 1 mile (1.6 km) reach in Manayunk. Ruins and remnants of the canals structure are still visible along its length. Many of the locks chambers still exist but are buried to varying degrees. Some of the locktender's houses still exist. Even if filled in, the canal's presence in many river communities is remembered by several Canal Streets.

Leesport has a restored Locktender's house on E. Wall Street. The adjacent lock is filled in, but the SW corner and top of the chamber are visible. Near Gibraltar, the Allegheny Creek Aqueduct still exists along with a drained section of the canal prism. The Aqueduct is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Oakes Reach

Lock 60 miter gates and tow path bridge after their 2004-5 restoration.

File:Schuylkill Canal Oaks Viaduct.jpg

Canal aqueduct over Crossman's Run, near Oaks

The head of the Oakes Reach is at the Black Rock Dam (Dam #26), near Mont Clare. The canal passes through the dam structure at Lock #60. The volunteer Schuylkill Canal Association has restored Lock 60 to operating condition [1]. The nearby locktender's house has also been restored [2]. The Reach runs under Pennsylvania Route 29 in Mont Clare, directly across the river from Phoenixville, then through Port Providence. An impounding basin from the silt removal project cuts the canal after Longford Road and the final mile of the Reach, has been filled in. An old stone aqueduct, that carried the Canal over Crossman's Run, and the outlet lock tender's house are still existent; but Lock 61, Brower's Lock, was filled in.

This reach is named for Thomas Oakes, chief engineer of the Schuylkill Navigation Company. The Oakes Reach canal, locks, locktenders' houses, Black Rock Dam, and the slackwater pool extending up to the Pennsylvania Route 113 bridge form the "Schuylkill Navigation Canal, Oakes Reach Section" historic district.

• Lock 60
• Present end of reach
• Lock 61 Tender's House

Manayunk Reach

File:Schuylkill Navigation Lock 70.jpg

Remains of Lock 70 at the outlet of the Manayunk Reach

File:Manayunk Canal 2009.jpg

Manayunk Reach, a very industrial section of the Navigation

The head of the Manayunk Reach is at the Flat Rock Dam (Dam 31), near Shawmont. The canal originally passed through the dam structure at Lock 68. However Lock 68 is plated off, and the forereach area above has silted in. This stretch of canal forms the northern side of Venice Island, which is facing development pressures. At the downstream end of this reach, the canal runs through Manayunk and returns to the river via Locks 69 & 70. All three lock structures still exist.

• Lock 68
• Locks 69&70

Schuylkill River Trail

The Schuylkill River Trail (SRT) now overlays portions of the canal route. In Manayunk, the Trail was constructed across the canal from the towpath. (The Reading railroad built a freight spur on the canal towpath. That railroad is still served by Norfolk Southern).

In 2008 the extension of the Schuylkill River Trail from the Perkiomen Creek to Longford Road in Oaks opened. This length of the Trail makes use of the general course of the filled portion of the Oakes Reach and originally used the old canal aqueduct to cross Crossman's Run. On 14 February 2008, a meeting was held to announce the survey work for the extension of the Schuylkill River Trail along the towpath of the watered portion of the Oakes Reach. It was expected that the towpath restoration itself would commence around March 2009. However this work was suspended due to budget constraints. The work was restarted in 2014, and the restored towpath should reopen in 2015.

• 

  "Schuylkill Waterworks" (1835), with Schuylkill Canal in the foreground.

• Locks, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg

  Locks on Schuylkill Canal.

• View of a bridge, by Cremer, James, 1821-1893.jpg

  Bridge over Schuylkill Canal.

• On the Schuylkil (Schuylkill), Pennsylvania, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg

  Mouth of the Schuylkill Canal, below Fairmount Dam, Philadelphia. The Wire Bridge (background) stood at the site of the current Spring Garden Street Bridge.

See also

• Allegheny Aqueduct
• List of canals in the United States

External links

• Schuylkill Navigation History, description and list of locks, dams, and reaches
• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. PA-69, "Schuylkill Canal, Bausman's Lock No. 12"
• Historical Berks county and the Schuylkill Canal
• Lower Schuylkill River canal
• Historical pictures of the Schuylkill Canal
• Schuylkill Navigation Collection at Reading Area Community College:
  • Period company documents and maps
  • 1947 Appraisal
• Upper Schuylkill River canal
• Friends of the Manayunk Canal - Manayunk Reach
• Schuylkill Canal Association - Oak[e]s Reach
• PA Historical Marker and information
• NRHP Registration Form for Oakes Reach - Use search form on PA ARCH site for additional image
• Information and pictures of the Schuylkill Canal in Schuylkill Haven, PA