Population growth

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In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. The population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population.

Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. It is expected to keep growing, where estimates have put the total population at 8.4 billion by mid-2030, and 9.6 billion by mid-2050.[1]

Population[2]
Years Passed Year Billion
- 1800 1
127 1927 2
33 1960 3
14 1974 4
13 1987 5
12 1999 6
12 2011 7
14 2025* 8
18 2043* 9
40 2083* 10
* UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
estimate 31.10.2011

Population growth rate

The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:

Population\ growth\ rate = \frac{ P(t_2) - P(t_1)} {P(t_1)(t_2-t_1)}

A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times.[3]

A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.

Human population growth rate

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Main article: Total fertility rate
A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman, according to the CIA World Factbook's 2015 data.
Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050, according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people.
Growth rate of world population (1950–2050).

Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining since peaking in 1962 and 1963 at 2.2% per annum. In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.[4] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively.[5] The last 100 years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity[6] made possible by the Green Revolution.[7][8][9]

The actual annual growth in the number of humans fell from its peak of 88.0 million in 1989, to a low of 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. Since then, annual growth has declined. In 2009, the human population increased by 74.6 million.[4] Each region of the globe has seen great reductions in growth rate in recent decades, though growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.[10]

Some countries experience negative population growth, especially in Eastern Europe mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also encounter negative population growth.[11] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.[12]

The United Nations Population Division expects world population to peak at over 10 billion at the end of the 21st century but Sanjeev Sanyal has argued that global fertility will fall below replacement rates in the 2020s and that world population will peak below 9 billion by 2050 followed by a long decline.[13]

Growth by country

According to United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion people, between 1990 and 2010.[14] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth was among highest in the United Arab Emirates (315%) and Qatar (271%).[14]

Growth rates of the world's most populous countries
Rank Country Population
2010		 Population
1990		 Growth (%)
1990–2010
  World 6,895,889,000 5,306,425,000 30.0%
1  China 1,341,335,000 1,145,195,000 17.1%
2  India 1,224,614,000 873,785,000 40.2%
3  United States 310,384,000 253,339,000 22.5%
4  Indonesia 239,871,000 184,346,000 30.1%
5  Brazil 194,946,000 149,650,000 30.3%
6  Pakistan 173,593,000 111,845,000 55.3%
7  Nigeria 158,423,000 97,552,000 62.4%
8  Bangladesh 148,692,000 105,256,000 41.3%
9  Russia 142,958,000 148,244,000 -3.6%
10  Japan 128,057,000 122,251,000 4.7%
Example nation 1967 population 1990 population 1994 population 2002 population 2008 population Life expectancy in years (2008) Total population growth from 1960s to 2007- 2011
Eritrea* N/A* N/A* 3,437,000[15] 4,298,269 5,673,520[16] 61[17][17] 2,236,520
Ethiopia* 23,457,000*[18] 50,974,000* [19] 54,939,000[15] 67,673,031(2003) 79,221,000[20] 55[17] 55,764,000
Sudan** 14,355,000**[18] 25,204,000** [19] 27,361,000**[15] 38,114,160 (2003)** 42,272,000**[21] 50**[17] 27,917,000
Chad 3,410,000[18] 5,679,000[19] 6,183,000[15] 9,253,493(2003) 10,329,208 (2009)[22] 47[17] 6,919,205
Niger 3,546,000[18] 7,732,000[19] 8,846,000[15] 10,790,352 (2001) 15,306,252 (2009)[23] 44[17] 11,760,252
Nigeria 61,450,000[18] 88,500,000[19] 108,467,000[15] 129,934,911 158,259,000[24] 47[17] 96,809,000
Mali 4,745,000[18] 8,156,000,[19] 10,462,000[15] 11,340,480 14,517,176(2010).[25] 50[17] 9,772,176
Mauritania 1,050,000[18] 2,025,000 [19] 2,211,000[15] 2,667,859 (2003) 3,291,000 (2009)[22] 54[17] 2,241,000
Senegal 3,607,000[18] 7,327,000[19] 8,102,000[15] 9,967,215 13,711,597 (2009)[26] 57[17] 10,104,597
Gambia 343,000[18] 861,000[19] 1,081,000[15] 1,367,124 (2000) 1,705,000[24] 55[17] 1,362,000
Algeria 11,833,126 (1966)[18] 25,012,000[19] 27,325,000 [15] 32,818,500 (2003) 34,895,000[20][27] 74[17] 23,061,874
The DRC/Zaire 16,353,000[18] 35,562,000[19] 42,552,000[15] 55,225,478 (2003) 70,916,439 [20][28] 54[17] 54,563,439
Egypt 30,083,419 (1966)[18] 53,153,000[19] 58,326,000[15] 70,712,345 (2003) 79,089,650 [20][29][29] 72[17] 49,006,231
Réunion (French colony/overseas department) 418,000[18] N/A[19] N/A[15] 720,934 (2003) 827,000 (2009) [27] N/A[17] 409,000
The Falkland Islands (UK Territory) 2,500[18] N/A[19] N/A[15] 2,967 (2003) 3,140(2010)[22] N/A[17] 640
Chile 8,935,500[18] 13,173,000[19] 13,994,000[15] 15,116,435 17,224,200 (2011) 77[17] 8,288,700
Colombia 19,191,000[18] 32,987,000[19] 34,520,000[15] 41,088,227 45,925,397(2010)[30] 73[17] 26,734,397
Brazil 85,655,000[18] 150,368,000[19] 153,725,000[15] 174,468,575 (2000) 190,732,694(2010) [31] 72[17] 105,077,694
Mexico 45,671,000[18] 86,154,000[19] 93,008,000[15] 103,400,165 (2000) 112,322,757(2010)[32] 76[17] 66,651,757
Fiji 476,727 (1966)[18] 765,000[19] 771,000[15] 844,330 (2001) 849,000[27] (2010) 70[17] 372,273
Nauru 6,050(1966)[18] 10,000[19] N/A[15] 12,329 9,322 (2011)[33] N/A[17] 3,272
Jamaica 1,876,000[18] 2,420,000[19] 2,429,000[15] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[34](2010) 74[17] 971,232
Australia 11,540,764 (1964)[18] 17,086,000[19] 17,843,000[15] 19,546,792 (2003) Expression error: Unexpected < operator.[35] (2010) 82[17] 10,066,508
Albania 1,965,500(1964)[18] 3,250,000[19] 3,414,000[15] 3,510,484 2,986,952 (July 2010 est.)[22][36] (2010) 78[17] 1,021,452
Poland 31,944,000[18] 38,180,000[19] 38,554,000[15] 38,626,349 (2001) 38,192,000(2010)[37] 75[17] 6,248,000
Hungary 10,212,000[18] 10,553,000[19] 10,261,000[15] 10,106,017 9,979,000(2010)[38] 73[17] -142,000
Bulgaria 8,226,564(1965)[18] 8,980,000[19] 8,443,000[15] 7,707,495(2000) 7,351,234 (2011)[39] 73[17] -875,330
United Kingdom/UK/Great Britain 55,068,000 (1966)[18] 57,411,000[19] 58,091,000[15] 58,789,194 62,008,048 (2010)[40] 79[17] 7,020,048
Republic of Ireland/Irish Republic/Eire/Ireland 2,884,002(1966)[18] 3,503,000[19] 3,571,000[15] 3,840,838 (2000) 4,470,700 [41] (2010) 78[17] 1,586,698
The PRC/China 720,000,000[18] 1,139,060,000[19] 1,208,841,000[15] 1,286,975,468 (2004) 1,339,724,852(2010)[42] 73[17] 619,724,852
Japan*** 98,274,961(1965)[18] 123,537,000[19] 124,961,000[15] 127,333,002 127,420,000 (2010)[43] 82[17] 28,123,865
Ryukyu Islands (Once occupied by the U.S.)*** 934,176(1965)[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
India# 511,115,000[18] 843,931,000[19] 918,570,000[15] 1,028,610,328 (2001) 1,210,193,422(2011)[44] 69[17] 699,078,422
Singapore 1,956,000(1967)[18] 3,003,000 (1990) [19] 2,930,000 (1994)[15] 4,452,732 (2002) 5,076,700(2010)[27] 82 (2008)[17] 3,120,700
Sikkim# 183,000(1967)[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Monaco/Monagasie Principality/Principality of Monaco 24,000(1967)[18] 29,000 (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 31,842 (2000) 35,586[45] (2010) (2008)[17] 1,586
Greece/Hellas/The Hellenic Republic of Greece 8,716,000(1967)[18] 10,123,000 (1990) [19] 10,426,000 (1994)[15] 10,964,020(2001)[46] 11,305,118(2011)[47] N/A (2008)[17] 2,589,118
Faroe Islands/The Faroes/ Fearos Islands (Danish dependency.) 38,000 (1967)[18] N/A(1990) [19] N/A(1994)[15] 46,345 (2000) 48,917(2010) [48] N/A (2008)[17] 18,917
Liechtenstein 20,000(1967)[18] 29,000 (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 33,307(2000) 35,789(2009)[49] (2008)[17] 15,789
South Korea/ROK 29,207,856(1966)[18] 42,793,000 (1990) [19] 44,453,000 (1994)[15] 48,324,000 (2003) 48,875,000(2010) [50] (2008)[17] 19,667,144
North Korea/PDRK 12,700,000(1967)[18] 21,773,000 (1990) [19] 23,483,000 (1994)[15] 22,224,195 (2002) 24,051,218(2010)[51] (2008)[17] 11,351,218
Brunei 107,200(1967)[18] 266,000(1990) [19] 280,000 (1994)[15] 332,844 (2001) 401,890(2011)[22] 76(2008)[17] 306,609
Malaysia/Federation_of_Malaysia/Malaya 10,671,000(1967)[18] 17,861,000 (1990) [19] 19,489,000 (1994)[15] 21,793,293(2002) 27,565,821(2010)[52] (2008)[17] 16,894,821
Thailand 32,680,000(1967)[18] 57,196,000 (1990) [19] 59,396,000 (1994)[15] 60,606,947(2000)[53] 63,878,267(2011)[54] (2008)[17] 31,198,267
Lebanon 2,520,000(1967)[18] 2,701,000 (1990) [19] 2,915,000 (1994)[15] 3,727,703 [55] (2003) 4,224,000[56](2009) - (2008)[17]
Syria 5,600,000(1967)[18] 12,116,000 (1990) [19] 13,844,000 (1994)[15] 17,585,540 (2003) 22,457,763(2011)[57] -(2008)[17]
Bahrain 182,00(1967)[18] 503,000 (1990) [19] 549,000 (1994)[15] 667,238 (2003) 1,234,596 [58] (2010) 75(2008)[17]
Sri Lanka/Ceylon 11,741,000(1967)[18] 16,993,000 (1990) [19] 17,685,000 (1994)[15] 19,607,519 (2002) 20,238,000[27] (2009) - (2008)[17]
Switzerland/Swiss Confederacy/Swiss Confederation 6,050,000(1967)[18] 6.712,000 (1990) [19] 6,994,000 (1994)[15] 7,261,200 (2002) 7,866,500[59] (2010) - (2008)[17]
Luxembourg 335,000(1967)[18] 381,000 (1990) [19] 401,000 (1994)[15] 439,539 (2001) 511,840(2011)[60] -(2008)[17]
Romania/Rumania 19,105,056(1966)[18] 23,200,000 (1990) [19] 22,736,000 (1994)[15] 21,680,974 (2002) 21,466,174[61] (2011) - (2008)[17]
Niuē (New Zealand colony) 1,900(1966)[18] N/A (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 2,134 (2002) 1,398(2009)[62] N/A (2008)[17] -502
Tokelau/Union Islans/Tokelau Islands (New Zealand colony) 5,194(1966)[18] N/A (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 1,445(2001) 1,416(2009) N/A (2008)[17] -3,778
Jamaican 1,876,000 (1967)[18] 2,420,000 (1990) [19] 2,429,000 (1994)[15] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[34](2010) 74 (2008)[17] 971,232
Argentina/The Argentine Republic 32,031,000(1967)[18] 32,322,000(1990) [19] 34,180,000 (1994)[15] 37,812,817 (2002) 40,091,359 (2010) 74 (2008)[17] 8,060,359
France 49,890,660(1967)[18] 56,440,000(1990) [19] 57,747,000 (1994)[15] 59,551,000 (2001) 63,136,180(2011)[63] 81 (2008)[17]
Italy 52,334,000(1967)[18] 57,662,000 (1990) [19] 57,193,000 (1994)[15] 56,995,744 (2002) 60,605,053[64] (2011) 80 (2008)[17]
Mauritius 774,000(1967)[18] 1,075,000(1990) [19] 1,104,000(1994)[15] 1,179,137 (2000) 1,288,000 (2009)[27] 75 (2008)[17] 514,000
Guatemala 4,717,000(1967)[18] 9,197,000 (1990) [19] 10,322,000 (1994)[15] 12,974,361 (2000) 13,276,517 (2009) 70 (2008)[17] 8,559,517
Cuba 8,033,000(1967)[18] 10,609,000 (1990) [19] 10,960,000 (1994)[15] 11,177,743 (2002) 11,239,363(2009)[65] 77 (2008)[17]
Barbados 246,000(1967)[18] 255,000 (1990) [19] 261,000 (1994)[15] 250,012 (2001) 284,589(2010)[22] 73 (2008)[17] 18,589
Western Samoa 131,377(1967)[18] 164,000 (1990) [19] 164,000 (1994)[15] 178,173 (2003) 179,000(2009)[27] N/A (2008)[17]
Sweden/Sveeden 7,765,981(1967)[18] 8,559,000 (1990) [19] 8,794,000 (1994)[15] 8,920,705 (2002) 9,354,462 (2009) 81 (2008)[17]
Finland/Suomi/Suomen tasavalta 4,664,000(1967)[18] 4,986,000 (1990) [19] 5,095,000 (1994)[15] 5,175,783 (2002) 5,374,781 (2010) N/A (2008)[17]
Portugal 9,440,000(1967)[18] 10,525,000 (1990) [19] 9,830,000 (1994)[15] 10,355,824 (2001) 10,647,763[66](2011) N/A (2008)[17]
Austria 7,323,981(1967)[18] 7,712,000 (1990) [19] 8,031,000 (1994)[15] 8,032,926 (2001) 8,404,252 (2011) N/A (2008)[17]
Libya 1,738,000(1967)[18] 4,545,000 (1990) [19] 5,225,000(1994)[15] 5,499,074 (2002) 6,420,000 (2009)[27] 77 (2008)[17]
Peru 12,385,000(1967)[18] 21,550,000 (1990) [19] 23,080,000(1994)[15] 27,949,639 (2002) 29,496,000(2010) 70 (2008)[17]
Guinea Bissau 528,000(1967)[18] 965,000 (1990) [19] 1,050,000 (1994)[15] 1,345,479 (2002) 1,647,000[27](2009) 48 (2008)[17]
Angola 5,203,066(1967)[18] 10,020,000 (1990) [19] 10,674,000 (1994)[15] 10,766,500(2003) 18,498,000[27][67](2009) (38 2008)[17]
Equatorial Guinea/E.G. 277,000(1967)[18] 348,000 (1990) [19] 389,000 (1994)[15] 474,214 (2000) 676,000(2009)[27] 61 (2008)[17]
Benin/Dahomey 2,505,000(1967)[18] 4,736,000 (1990) [19] 5,246,000(1994)[15] 8,500,500 (2002) 8,791,832 (2009) 59 (2008)[17]
Laos 2,770,000(1967)[18] 4,139,000 (1990) [19] 4,742,000 (1994)[15] 5,635,967 (2002) 6,800,000[68] (2011) 56(2008)[17]
Nepal/Sri Nepala Sarkar/Kingdom of Nepal/Nepalese Kingdom 10,500,000(1967)[18] 18,961,000 (1990) [19] 21,360,000 (1994)[15] 25,284,463 (2002) 29,331,000[27] (2009) (2008)[17]
Iran/Persia/Islamic Republic of Iran/Islamic Republic/Iranian Islamic Republic 25,781,090 (1966)[18] 54,608,000(1990) [19] 59,778,000(1994)[15] 66,622,704 (2002) 75,330,000 (2010) [44] 71 (2008)[17]
Canada 20,014,880(1966)[18] 26,603,000(1990) [19] 29,248,000(1994)[15] 31,081,900 (2001) 32,623,490(2011)[69] 81 (2008)[17]
USA/United States/United States of America/US/America 199,118,000(1967)[18] 249,995,000(1990) [19] 260,650,00(1994)[15] 281,421,906 (2000) 308,745,538(2010)[70] 78(2008)[17]
Uganda 7,931,000(1967)[18] 18,795,000 (1990) [19] 20,621,000(1994)[15] 24,227,297 (2002) 32,369,558 (2009) 52 (2008)[17]
Notes
* Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991.
** Split into the nations of Sudan and Southern Sudan during 2011.
*** Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972.
# India and Sikkim merged in 1975.
Population growth 1990–2012 (%)[71]
Africa 73.3%
Middle East 68.2%
Asia (excl. China) 42.8%
China 19.0%
OECD Americas 27.9%
Non-OECD Americas 36.6%
OECD Europe 11.5%
OECD Asia Oceania 11.1%
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia -0.8%
Thousands of scooters make their way through the city of Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnam.

Into the future

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Main article: Projections of population growth
Estimated size of human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE.
The majority of world population growth today is occurring in less developed countries.

According to UN's 2010 revision to its population projections, world population will peak at 10.1bn in 2100 compared to 7bn in 2011.[72] A 2014 paper by demographers from several universities and the United Nations Population Division forecast that the world's population will reach about 10.9 billion in 2100 and continue growing thereafter.[73] However, some experts dispute the UN's forecast and have argued that birthrates will fall below replacement rate in the 2020s. According to these forecasters, population growth will be only sustained till the 2040s by rising longevity but will peak below 9bn by 2050.[13]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 7. miljardis ihminen, Helsingin Sanomat editor Mr Timo Paukku 5.9.2011 D1 (Finnish)
  3. ↑ Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ UN population projections
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 15.36 15.37 15.38 15.39 15.40 15.41 15.42 15.43 15.44 15.45 15.46 15.47 15.48 15.49 15.50 15.51 15.52 15.53 15.54 15.55 15.56 15.57 15.58 15.59 15.60 15.61 15.62 15.63 15.64 15.65 15.66 15.67 15.68 15.69 15.70 15.71 15.72 15.73 15.74 15.75 The British Collins Longman Student Atlas, the 1996 and in 1998 publications, ISBN 978-0-00-448879-0 for the 1998 edition, ISBN 0-00-448365-0 for the 1996 edition
  16. ↑ url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 17.28 17.29 17.30 17.31 17.32 17.33 17.34 17.35 17.36 17.37 17.38 17.39 17.40 17.41 17.42 17.43 17.44 17.45 17.46 17.47 17.48 17.49 17.50 17.51 17.52 17.53 17.54 17.55 17.56 17.57 17.58 17.59 17.60 17.61 17.62 17.63 17.64 17.65 17.66 17.67 17.68 17.69 17.70 17.71 17.72 17.73 17.74 17.75 17.76 'Modern School Atlas (96th edition)', ISBN 978-1-84907-013-3.
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 18.24 18.25 18.26 18.27 18.28 18.29 18.30 18.31 18.32 18.33 18.34 18.35 18.36 18.37 18.38 18.39 18.40 18.41 18.42 18.43 18.44 18.45 18.46 18.47 18.48 18.49 18.50 18.51 18.52 18.53 18.54 18.55 18.56 18.57 18.58 18.59 18.60 18.61 18.62 18.63 18.64 18.65 18.66 18.67 18.68 18.69 18.70 18.71 18.72 18.73 18.74 18.75 18.76 The British Oxford economic atlas of the World 4th edition, ISBN 0-19-894107-2
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 19.26 19.27 19.28 19.29 19.30 19.31 19.32 19.33 19.34 19.35 19.36 19.37 19.38 19.39 19.40 19.41 19.42 19.43 19.44 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50 19.51 19.52 19.53 19.54 19.55 19.56 19.57 19.58 19.59 19.60 19.61 19.62 19.63 19.64 19.65 19.66 19.67 19.68 19.69 19.70 19.71 19.72 19.73 19.74 The British Collins Atlas of the World, the 1993 edition, ISBN 0-00-448038-4
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Ethiopia Central Statistics Office -- Population Projection for mid-2008
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cia" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cia" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ The World Factbook- Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Central Intelligence Agency.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ IBGE. Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  39. ↑ http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011pr.pdf
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pop" defined multiple times with different content
  45. ↑ Monaco, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ [1] (Faroese)
  49. ↑ Bevölkerungsstatistik 30. Juni 2009, Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ (Korean) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ http://203.113.86.149/stat/pk/pk53/pk_53.pdf
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ "Population: 511 840 habitants au 1er janvier 2011", Le Portail des statistiques: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 3 May 2011. (French) Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ (French) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ (Italian) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009. Edición 2010, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on November 6, 2010. Note: An exchange rate of 1 CUC to 1.08 USD was used to convert GDP.[2]
  66. ↑ Pordata, "Base de Dados Portugal Contemporâneo". Accessed on March 7, 2011.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971–2014 IEA (PDF Page 74, marked page 72)
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Template:Cite doi/10.1126.2Fscience.1257469

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