Melon-headed whale

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Melon-headed whale
File:Melon-headed whale large.jpg
File:Melon-headed whale size.svg
Size compared to an average human
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Peponocephala
Nishiwaki & Norris, 1966
Species: P. electra
Binomial name
Peponocephala electra
(Gray, 1846)
File:Cetacea range map Melon-headed Whale.PNG
Melon-headed whale range

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The melon-headed whale (species Peponocephala electra; other names are many-toothed blackfish, "melon whale" and electra dolphin) is a cetacean of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). It is closely related to the pygmy killer whale and pilot whale, and collectively these dolphin species are known by the common name blackfish. It is also related to the false killer whale.[1] The melon-headed whale is widespread throughout the world's tropical waters, although not often seen by humans because it prefers deep water.[2]

Description

The melon-headed whale has a body shape rather like a torpedo. Its head is a rounded cone giving the animal its common name. The body is more or less uniformly light grey except for a dark grey face – sometimes called the "mask". The flippers are long and pointed. The dorsal fin is tall with a pointed tip – reminiscent of its relative the killer whale. When viewed in profile, its head is not as rounded as the pygmy killer whale and this may aid identification.

This whale is capable of very fast swimming, particularly when startled. In flight, it often makes short, low jumps clear of the sea surface, splashing lots of water. Melon-headed whales usually gather in large numbers (at least 100 and possibly as many as 1,000 on rare occasions) and sometimes strand together.

The melon-headed whale weighs 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) at birth and is 1 m (3.3 ft) long. An adult grows up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long and weighs over 200 kg (440 lb). The whales' lifespans are at least 20 years and probably more than 30 years for females.

Their primary diet is squid.

Hawaiian melon-headed whales spend much of their daytime at the surface resting.[1]

Behavior

Social

Melon-headed whales are very social animals that live in large groups with anywhere between 100 and 1,000 of them. They have been observed swimming close to each other and touching flippers. Within the large group, they usually swim in smaller groups of 10-14.

Melon-headed whales are also known to associate with Fraser’s Dolphins (Reeves, 428). Groups of the melon-headed whales will mix with groups of Fraser’s Dolphins and socialize with them. The melon-headed whale will also associate with other animals such as, the Humpback whale and Pilot whale, but the Fraser’s Dolphin is the most common animal it associates with.

Resting at the surface

The melon-headed whale tend to rest near the surface of the water. They have been observed moving toward the sound of a boat and then riding the waves created from the boat. The melon-headed whales are not usually deterred by the sound of the boat.

When resting near the surface, melon-headed whales will create large splashes when they break the water. Several of them will rise vertically out of the water to observe their surroundings and then splash back down, a technique known as spy hopping. At the surface, melon-headed whales will also swim quickly, almost breaking the surface of the water and creating crescents ahead of them.

Population and distribution

A pod in Bohol Sea between Balicasag Island and Alona Beach

The melon-headed whale lives far from shore in all the world's tropical and subtropical oceans. At the northern fringes of its range, it may also be found in temperate waters. Individuals have been sighted off the southern coast of Ireland. Ordinarily, however, the melon-headed whale is found beyond the continental shelf between 20°S and 20°N. Hawaii and Cebu, in the Philippines, are good sites for seeing the whale because the continental shelf there is narrow. Although no specific data exist, the species is unlikely to be migratory, in common with animals in its subfamily.

On February 10, 2009, over 300 melon-headed whales were spotted off the shallow waters of Bataan, in the Philippines.[3] Local residents and volunteers guided the dolphins back to deeper waters. Although no definite explanation has been provided for the dolphins' behaviour, two of the three dead dolphins had damaged ear drums.[4] Scientists from the International Whaling Commission claim that damage to the eardrums of melon-headed whales can be caused by high-power sonar equipment such as that used by Exxon Mobil when searching for oil.[5]

In Hawaii, group sizes are variable, ranging from a single animal to pods of 800, but typically they are found in relatively large groups (median = 287 individuals). The Hawaiian populations include a large, deepwater group that moves frequently among the islands, and a small, shallow-water population that stays near the island of Hawaiʻi. Melon-headed whales are closely related to false killer whales, short-finned pilot whales, and pygmy killer whales. Hawaiian melon-heads spend much of their daytime at the surface resting.[1]

Stranded

Melon-headed whales were found stranded in South Carolina in 2008. In January, three stranded melon-headed whales were discovered. It was determined that they had died out at sea and the waves brought them onto the beach. Three more melon-headed whales were discovered after this at different times. Necropsies were done on the melon-headed whales and it was discovered that they all had similar infections as well as hemorrhaging and other problems. However, an actual cause of death was never determined.

Parasites

There are many marine mammals that have parasites such as Isocyamus delphinii. These parasites (also known as a whale louse) will burrow into a whale or dolphin especially if there is a wound. In 1999, a dead, stranded melon-headed whale was discovered and a necropsy was performed on it. They discovered bite marks from smaller sharks, and in those bite marks were the parasites Isocyamus delphinii. There were twelve of the parasites in total which is a record for the number of those parasites found on a marine mammal.

Conservation

The melon-headed whale is included in the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU)

See also

References

  • Taylor, B.L., Baird, R., Barlow, J., Dawson, S.M., Ford, J., Mead, J.G., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008). Peponocephala electra. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  • National Audubon Society: Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0-375-41141-0
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • Watkins, WILLIAM A., et al. "Observations of Peponocephala electra, the melon-headed whale, in the southeastern Caribbean." Caribbean Journal of Science 33 (1997): 34-40.
  • Reeves, Randall R., et al. Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Andrew Stewart Publishing, Inc. (2002). Print.
  • McFee, Wayne E., James W. B. Powell, and David S. Rotstein. "First Records Of The Melon-Headed Whale (Peponocephala Electra) And The Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus Acutus) In South Carolina." Southeastern Naturalist 11.1 (2012): 23-34. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Mar. 2015.
  • Wardle, William J., Todd A. Haney, and Graham A. J. Worthy. "New Host Record For The Whale Louse Isocyamus Delphinii(Amphipoda, Cyamidae)." Crustaceana 73.5 (2000): 639. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Mar. 2015.
  • Brownell Jr, Robert L., et al. "Behavior of melon‐headed whales, Peponocephala electra, near oceanic islands." Marine Mammal Science 25.3 (2009): 639-658.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "Peponocephala electra" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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