File:Spinosaurus skull steveoc.jpg

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Summary

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus" class="extiw" title="en:Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a> skull restoration,

• Based on the 2005 Del Sasso reconstruction. Which in turn is based on specimins MSNM V4047 (a 998 mm snoat), IPHG 1912 VIII 19 (the front half of the lower jaw), and UCPC-2 (the crest). Rear parts of the skull based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritator" class="extiw" title="en:Irritator">Irritator</a> and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae" class="extiw" title="en:Spinosauridae">spinosaurs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalsassoetal05-1">[1]</a>
• • Skin is not yet known for Spinosaurus. However, other large theropods with skin impressions have, until recently, shown typical dinosaurian scales. (Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 1997 Philip J. Currie, Kevin Padian) The skin details in this image are speculative but have been based loosely on what is known in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" class="extiw" title="en:Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-2">[2]</a>. In 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurumimus" class="extiw" title="en:Sciurumimus">Sciurumimus</a> was described which shows a fuzzy body covering, some analysis have found it to be a magalosauroid, the same group that Spinosaurus belongs to. <a href="#cite_note-sciurumimus-3">[3]</a>. In 2012 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyrannus" class="extiw" title="en:Yutyrannus">Yutyrannus</a> was described, it showed that large theropods could have been covered in feathers <a href="#cite_note-yutyrannus-4">[4]</a>. Other recent discoveries have suggested that the origin of feathers are further back in the dinosaur family tree and may even predate dinosaurs. These discoveries suggest that it is entirely possible that Spinosaurus could have also have feathers covering its body.
• The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative.

NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks.


References

  1. <a href="#cite_ref-dalsassoetal05_1-0">↑</a> dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Buffetaut, E.; and Mendez, M.A. (2005). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1671%2F0272-4634%282005%29025%5B0888%3ANIOTSO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on its sizes and affinities</a>". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 888–896. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025">[0888:NIOTSO</a>2.0.CO;2 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2].
  2. <a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte1990_2-0">↑</a> Bonaparte, José F.; Novas, Fernando E.; Coria, Rodolfo A. (1990). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS416.pdf">Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia</a>". Contributions in Science 416. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
  3. <a href="#cite_ref-sciurumimus_3-0">↑</a> Rauhut, O.W.M.; Foth, C.; Tischlinger, H.; and Norell, M.A. (2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/29/11746">doi=10.1073 Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany</a>". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (29): 11746–11751.
  4. <a href="#cite_ref-yutyrannus_4-0">↑</a> (2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf">A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China</a>" (PDF). Nature 484: 92–95. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10906">10.1038/nature10906</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID" class="extiw" title="w:PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22481363">22481363</a>.

Licensing

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File history

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current03:15, 4 January 2017Thumbnail for version as of 03:15, 4 January 20171,280 × 720 (383 KB)127.0.0.1 (talk)<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus" class="extiw" title="en:Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a> skull restoration, </p> <dl> <dd>• Based on the 2005 Del Sasso reconstruction. Which in turn is based on specimins MSNM V4047 (a 998 mm snoat), IPHG 1912 VIII 19 (the front half of the lower jaw), and UCPC-2 (the crest). Rear parts of the skull based on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritator" class="extiw" title="en:Irritator">Irritator</a></i> and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae" class="extiw" title="en:Spinosauridae">spinosaurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dalsassoetal05_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalsassoetal05-1">[1]</a></sup> </dd> <dd>• • Skin is not yet known for <i>Spinosaurus</i>. However, other large theropods with skin impressions have, until recently, shown typical dinosaurian scales. (Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 1997 Philip J. Currie, Kevin Padian) The skin details in this image are speculative but have been based loosely on what is known in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" class="extiw" title="en:Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-2">[2]</a></sup>. In 2011 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurumimus" class="extiw" title="en:Sciurumimus">Sciurumimus</a></i> was described which shows a fuzzy body covering, some analysis have found it to be a magalosauroid, the same group that <i>Spinosaurus</i> belongs to. <sup id="cite_ref-sciurumimus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciurumimus-3">[3]</a></sup>. In 2012 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyrannus" class="extiw" title="en:Yutyrannus">Yutyrannus</a></i> was described, it showed that large theropods could have been covered in feathers <sup id="cite_ref-yutyrannus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yutyrannus-4">[4]</a></sup>. Other recent discoveries have suggested that the origin of feathers are further back in the dinosaur family tree and may even predate dinosaurs. These discoveries suggest that it is entirely possible that <i>Spinosaurus</i> could have also have feathers covering its body.</dd> <dd>• The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative. </dd> </dl> <p><b>NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks.</b> </p> <p><br></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dalsassoetal05-1"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dalsassoetal05_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Buffetaut, E.; and Mendez, M.A. (2005). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1671%2F0272-4634%282005%29025%5B0888%3ANIOTSO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod <i>Spinosaurus</i>, with remarks on its sizes and affinities</a>". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i> <b>25</b> (4): 888–896. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025">[0888:NIOTSO</a>2.0.CO;2 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonaparte1990-2"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte1990_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Bonaparte, José F.; Novas, Fernando E.; Coria, Rodolfo A. (1990). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS416.pdf"><i>Carnotaurus sastrei</i> Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia</a>". <i>Contributions in Science</i> <b>416</b>. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciurumimus-3"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sciurumimus_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Rauhut, O.W.M.; Foth, C.; Tischlinger, H.; and Norell, M.A. (2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/29/11746">doi=10.1073 Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany</a>". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>109</b> (29): 11746–11751.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yutyrannus-4"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-yutyrannus_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf">A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China</a>" (PDF). <i>Nature</i> <b>484</b>: 92–95. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10906">10.1038/nature10906</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID" class="extiw" title="w:PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22481363">22481363</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol> </div>
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