Ethnoreligious group

This article is about groups that share both an ethnic and a religious background. For religions that are closely tied to a particular ethnic group, see ethnic religion.

Venn diagrams illustrating the membership characteristics of three different types of ethnoreligious groups

An ethnoreligious group (or ethno-religious group) is an ethnic group whose members are also unified by a common religious background. Ethnoreligious communities define their ethnic identity neither by ancestral heritage nor simply by religious affiliation but often through a combination of both. An ethnoreligious group has a shared history and a cultural tradition of its own. In many cases ethnoreligious groups are ethno-cultural groups with a traditional ethnic religion; in other cases ethnoreligious groups begin as communities united by a common faith which through endogamy developed cultural and ancestral ties. Some ethnoreligious groups' identities are reinforced by the experience of living within a larger community as a distinct minority.

Examples of ethnoreligious groups include:

• Closed group: non-proselytizing religions with inherited membership, such as the Jews originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East (Jewish ethnicity, nationhood and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation), the Druze, the Mandaeans, the Zoroastrians, and the Yazidis
• Religious groups whose members primarily share a single ethnicity, such as the Sikh, the Saint Thomas Christians, the Shabaks, the Alawites, the Kaka'i, the Mennonites, the Hutterites and the Amish people
• Ethnic groups whose members primarily share a single religion, such as Armenians, Assyrian people, the Copts, Greeks, Serer, Sinhalese people and the Zazas

In a closed ethnoreligious group with inherited membership, particular emphasis is placed upon religious endogamy, and the concurrent discouragement of interfaith marriages or intercourse, as a means of preserving the stability and historical longevity of the community and culture. This adherence to religious endogamy can also, in some instances, be tied to ethnic nationalism if the ethnoreligious group possesses a historical base in a specific region.

As a legal concept

Australia

In Australian law, the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) defines "race" to include "ethnic, ethno-religious or national origin". The reference to "ethno-religious" was added by the Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 (NSW). John Hannaford, the NSW Attorney-General at the time, explained that "The effect of the latter amendment is to clarify that ethno-religious groups, such as Jews, Muslims and Sikhs, have access to the racial vilification and discrimination provisions of the Act. ...extensions of the Anti-Discrimination Act to ethno-religious groups will not extend to discrimination on the ground of religion."

The definition of "race" in Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tas) likewise includes "ethnic, ethno-religious or national origin". However, unlike the NSW Act, it also prohibits discrimination on the grounds of "religious belief or affiliation" or "religious activity".

United Kingdom

Main article: Mandla v Dowell-Lee

In the United Kingdom the landmark legal case Mandla v Dowell-Lee placed a legal definition on ethnic groups with religious ties, which in turn has paved the way for the definition of an ethnoreligious group. Both Jews and Sikhs were determined to be considered ethnoreligious groups under the Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 (see above).

The Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 made reference to Mandla v Dowell-Lee which defined ethnic groups as:

1. a long shared history, of which the group is conscious as distinguishing it from other groups, and the memory of which it keeps alive;
2. a cultural tradition of its own, including family and social customs and manners, often but not necessarily associated with religious observance. In addition to those two essential characteristics the following characteristics are, in my opinion, relevant:
3. either a common geographical origin, or descent from a small number of common ancestors;
4. a common language, not necessarily peculiar to the group;
5. a common literature peculiar to the group;
6. a common religion different from that of neighbouring groups or from the general community surrounding it;
7. being a minority or being an oppressed or dominant group within a larger community. For example, a conquered people (say, the inhabitants of England shortly after the Norman conquest) and their conquerors might both be ethnic groups

The significance of this case was that groups like Sikhs and Jews could now be protected under the Race Relations Act 1976.

Examples

The term "ethnoreligious" has been applied by at least one author to each of the following groups:

Ethnic fusion	Ethnic religion	Religious ethnicity
Closed Druze Mandaeans Yazidis Zoroastrians, including Parsis Non-proselytizing Sikh Jews Crimean Karaites Samaritans Amish Proselytizing Copts Mormons Hutterites Alawites Mennonites Waldensians	Acehnese Afar people Armenians Assyrians Balinese Bamar Chuvash Croats Fula Gorani Greeks Habesha Hausa Hazaras Hui Lemba Lingayat Mahar Malays Maratha Pashtuns Rohingya Serbs Serer Somalis Uyghurs Crimean Tatars Sri Lankan Moors Syrian Turkmens Bosniaks	Goan Catholics Irish Catholics Ulster Protestants Antiochian Greek Christians Maronites Syriac Orthodox Hyderabadi Muslims Mangalorean Catholics Kashmiri Hindus

See also

• Religious assimilation
• Folk religion
• Religious segregation
• Symbolic ethnicity

Bibliography

• Yang, F. and Ebaugh, H. R. (2001), Religion and Ethnicity Among New Immigrants: The Impact of Majority/Minority Status in Home and Host Countries. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40: 367–378. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00063
• Phillip E. Hammond and Kee Warner, Religion and Ethnicity in Late-Twentieth-Century America, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social, Vol. 527, Religion in the Nineties (May, 1993), pp. 55–66

External links

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