Censorship in New Zealand

Censorship in New Zealand has changed over the years to reflect the demands for a more liberal application of the law on contentious publications.

The Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC) is the government agency that is responsible for classification of all films, videos, publications, and some video games in New Zealand. It was created by the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 and is an independent Crown Entity. The head of the OFLC is called the Chief Censor, maintaining a title that has described the government officer in charge of censorship in New Zealand since 1916.

Patricia Bartlett was a New Zealand conservative Catholic pro-censorship activist of the 1970s and 1980s and founded the Society for Promotion of Community Standards (SPCS). This organisation is still actively seeking tighter restrictions on the release of some publications.

Policy shift: 1986 - present

After Parliament passed the Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986, New Zealand censorship regulatory bodies could not rely on previous case law and tribunal decisions based on the illegality of gay male sex. Accordingly, the Court of Appeal found that censorship regulators should base their decisions on evidence-based social scientific and medical research, in Howley v Lawrence Publishing later that same year. As a consequence, film, video and publication censorship became increasingly standardised. This led to the passage of the Film Publications and Videos Act 1993, which merged the previously separate Indecent Publications Tribunal, Chief Film Censor and Video Recordings Authority into a single agency, the New Zealand Office of Film and Literature Classification.

During the eighties and nineties, an increasingly proactive LGBT New Zealand community fought several test cases that expanded Howley's precedent to encompass all government censorship regulatory bodies. The Society for Promotion of Community Standards lost all of these cases, whether before the Indecent Publications Tribunal, High Court, Court of Appeal or the later Office of Film and Literature Classification.

Today, most lesbian and gay erotic media products that contain sexual imagery are labelled R18, available only to those eighteen years of age and over. While fetishist erotic media is similarly regulated, any media that depict paedophilia, necrophilia, zoophilia and drug manufacture information are prohibited in New Zealand.

There has also recently been a call to lift tight regulations concerning the reporting of suicide in the country. There have been tight restrictions on the reporting of the topic since the 1950s. The stated reason behind the “need” for this act has long been due to the concern that reporting incidents of suicide could spur the drive for vulnerable individuals to copy the action. There is, however, strong evidence against this, and even stronger evidence that states that by restricting the publication of an issue of legitimate public concern, not only is the government inhibiting free speech, but are hindering the education of the nation on the issue of suicide.

Selected cases

The film All Quiet on the Western Front was banned in New Zealand as anti-war propaganda in 1930. It was eventually allowed to be shown with a few cuts made.

The "Censorship and Publicity Regulations" was passed in 1939 and used to prevent the dissemination of information deemed contrary to the national interest during World War II. For example, the newspaper of the Communist Party of New Zealand, The People's Voice, was seized in 1940. The Battle of Manners Street in 1943 was a riot involving American and New Zealand servicemen. No report of the event was permitted in local newspapers.

During the 1951 Waterfront dispute, it was illegal to publish material in support of the watersiders or their allies.

In 1960 the novel Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov was banned by the Supreme Court. In 1964, after having been banned by numerous courts, Lolita was again submitted for classification to the newly established Indecent Publications Tribunal (the IPT). The IPT was established by the Indecent Publications Act of 1963 and was responsible for the censorship of books, magazines and sound recordings. Under section 10 of the 1963 Act, the role of the Indecent Publications Tribunal was to ‘determine the character of the book’ using the criteria set out in the legislation. When the IPT examined and classified Lolita, using this criteria, they determined that the book be classified as ‘not indecent’, meaning anyone was legally able to access it.

The film Ulysses based on the James Joyce novel was rated R18 in 1967 and only screened to segregated audiences due to its use of the word 'fuck'.

Notable controversies

The film Baise-moi, which contained violence and real rather than simulated sex by the actors, was the subject of a number of complaints laid by the Society for the Promotion of Community Standards. After an extended classification and appeal process, the film was ultimately classified in 2003 by the Court of Appeal as R18 and restricted to theatrical exhibition or exhibition to participants in a tertiary media studies course or a tertiary film studies course.

Censorship is often called for by Christian influenced groups, but in 2000 a complaint was made against two Christian videos that represented homosexuals and bisexuals as "inferior". The case was upheld. Family First New Zealand have called for the banning of violent video games, most notably Grand Theft Auto IV, among others.

T-shirts have been censored in New Zealand, and in 2007 one that advertised an album for Cradle of Filth, a British extreme metal band, was banned by Bill Hastings, the chief censor in New Zealand. According to Hastings, it was one of the most graphic T-shirts he had ever seen. The shirt displayed an image of a mostly nude Roman Catholic nun sexually pleasuring herself, along with the text "Jesus is a Cunt".

In 2008 The Peaceful Pill Handbook, a book explaining how to carry out euthanasia, was initially banned in OFLC since it was deemed to be objectionable. In May 2008, an edited version of the book was allowed for sale if sealed, and an indication of the censorship classification was displayed. Philip Nitschke, its author, had deleted content that might have directly assisted the suicide of others, which is an offence under New Zealand's Crimes Act 1961.

In 2014, the 2010 Queenstown suppressed indecency case gave rise to a discussion over the use of suppression orders protecting celebrities when a member of the New Zealand Parliament, Maggie Barry, described a groping by Australian entertainer and convicted sex abuser Rolf Harris during a studio interview she conducted in her previous broadcasting career. Retired parliamentarian Rodney Hide taunted her in a newspaper column, urging her to use her parliamentary privilege to breach the name suppression order.

In 2015, the book Into the River was placed under an interim restriction order under the Films, Videos and Publications Classification Act 1993, banning it completely from being sold or supplied.

Chief Censor

The Chief Censor is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson of the Office of Film and Literature Classification. Bill Hastings was the Chief Censor from 1999 through to 2010 when he stood down to become a District Court Judge and Chair of the Immigration and Protection Tribunal. Deputy Chief Censor Nicola McCully filled the role until Dr Andrew Jack was appointed to the position for a three-year term starting in March 2011.

• William Jolliffe 1916–27
• W A Tanner 1927–37
• W A von Keisenberg 1938–49
• Gordon Mirams 1949–59
• Douglas McIntosh 1960–76
• Bernard Tunnicliffe 1977–83
• Arthur Everard 1984–90
• Jane Wrightson 1991–93
• Kathryn Paterson 1994–98
• Bill Hastings 1999–2010
• Andrew Jack 2011–present

See also

• Internet censorship in New Zealand

External links

• The Office of Film & Literature Classification
• Searchable database of censored material
• Censorship Compliance at the Department of Internal Affairs