British Aerospace 146

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BAe 146 / Avro RJ
Swiss British Aerospace Avro 146-RJ100 HB-IXS MUC 2015 01 crop.jpg
Swiss Global Air Lines Avro RJ100
Role Airliner
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer British Aerospace
BAE Systems
Avro International
First flight 3 September 1981
Introduction May 1983
Status In service
Primary users CityJet
Swiss Global Air Lines
Brussels Airlines
Airlink
Produced 1978–2001
Number built 387 (Avro RJ: 166; BAe 146: 221)
Program cost £350 million[1]
Unit cost
146-200: £11,000,000 (1981)[2]

The British Aerospace 146 (also BAe 146) is a short-haul airliner and a regional airliner that was manufactured in the United Kingdom by British Aerospace, later part of BAE Systems. Production ran from 1983 until 2002. Manufacture of an improved version known as the Avro RJ began in 1992. A further-improved version with new engines, the Avro RJX, was announced in 1997, but only two prototypes and one production aircraft were built before production ceased in 2001. With 387 aircraft produced, the Avro RJ/BAe 146 is the most successful British civil jet airliner programme.[3]

The BAe 146/Avro RJ is a high-wing cantilever monoplane with a T-tail. It has four turbofan engines mounted on pylons underneath the wings, and has retractable tricycle landing gear. The aircraft has very quiet operation, and has been marketed under the name Whisperjet. It sees wide usage at small city-based airports such as London City Airport. In its primary role it serves as a regional jet, short-haul airliner or regional airliner. The BAe 146/Avro RJ is in wide use with several European-based airlines, such as Brussels Airlines, CityJet and Swiss Global Air Lines.

The BAe 146 comes in -100, -200 and -300 models. The equivalent Avro RJ versions are designated RJ70, RJ85, and RJ100. The freight-carrying version carries the designation "QT" (Quiet Trader), and a convertible passenger-or-freight model is designated as "QC" (Quick Change). A "gravel kit" can be fitted to aircraft to enable operations from rough, unprepared airstrips.[4]

Development

Origins

Eurowings BAe 146-300, 2008

In August 1973, Hawker Siddeley launched a new 70 seat regional airliner project, the HS.146, to fill the gap between turboprop-powered airliners like the Hawker Siddeley HS.748 and the Fokker F.27 and small jet airliners like the BAC One-Eleven and Boeing 737.[5][6] The chosen configuration had a high wing and a T-tail to give good short-field performance, while the aircraft was to be powered by four Avco Lycoming ALF 502s turbofan engines. The programme was initially launched with backing from the UK Government, which agreed to contribute 50% of the development costs in return for a share of the revenues from each aircraft sold.[7] In October 1974, all work on the project was halted as a result of the world economic downturn resulting from the 1973 oil crisis.[8][9][10]

Low-key development proceeded, however, and in 1978 British Aerospace, Hawker Siddeley's corporate successor, re-launched the project. British Aerospace marketed the aircraft as a quiet, low-consumption turbofan aircraft, which would be effective at replacing the previous generation of turboprop-powered feeder aircraft.[6] The first order for the BAe 146 was placed by Líneas Aéreas Privadas Argentinas in June 1981. Prior to the first flight, British Aerospace had forecast that the smaller 146-100 would significantly outsell the 146-200 variant; however, airlines had showed a great level of interest in the larger 146-200.[2]

By 1981, a large assembly line had been completed at British Aerospace's Hatfield site,[2] and the first completed aircraft flew that year, quickly followed by two more prototypes.[5][11] Initial flight results showed better-than-predicted takeoff and climb performance.[11] In 1982, British Aerospace stated that the sale of a total 250 aircraft was necessary for the venture to break even.[11] The BAe 146 received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 8 February 1983.[12] Upon its launch into service, it was hailed as being "the world's quietest jetliner".[13]

Production

Early production aircraft were built at Hatfield, which had originally been a de Havilland factory. The Avro RJ family of aircraft was assembled at the Avro International, later BAE Systems Regional Aircraft Centre, at Woodford Aerodrome in Greater Manchester, England. Production of various sections of the aircraft was carried out at different BAE plants. The rear fuselage section was manufactured at BAE Systems' former Avro site at Chadderton, Greater Manchester. The centre fuselage section was manufactured at the Filton BAE site. The fin came from Brough and the engine pylons were made at Prestwick.[14] The nose section was manufactured at Hatfield, where the assembly line for the early aircraft was located. Some manufacturing was subcontracted outside the UK; the wings were made by Textron in the United States and the tailplane and control surfaces were made by Saab-Scania in Sweden.[15][16]

Qinetiq BAe Avro RJ100 departs the Royal International Air Tattoo, 2014

Due to the sales performance of the BAe 146, British Aerospace announced a development project in early 1991 to produce a new variant of the type, powered by two turbofan engines instead of four, that was offered to airlines as a regional jet aircraft. Dubbed the new regional aircraft (NRA), other proposed alterations from the BAe 146 included the adoption of a new enlarged wing and a lengthened fuselage.[17]

In 1993, the upgraded Avro RJ series superseded the BAe 146. Changes include the replacement of the original Lycoming ALF 502 turbofan engines by higher-thrust LF 507 turbofan engines, which were housed in redesigned nacelles. The Avro RJ series also featured a modernised cockpit with EFIS replacing the analogue ADI, HSI and engine instrumentation.[18] An arrangement between British Aerospace and Khazanah Nasional would have opened an Avro RJ production line in Malaysia, however this deal collapsed in 1997.[19]

In 2000, British Aerospace announced that it was to replace the Avro RJ series with a further improved Avro RJX series; plans to produce the Avro RJX were officially cancelled in November 2001.[19] Production of the Avro RJ ended with the final four aircraft being delivered in late 2003; a total of 173 Avro RJ aircraft were delivered between 1993 and 2003.[19]

Design

Overview

An Avro 146-RJ85 at Turku Airport, Finland, 2005
An Qeshm Air-RJ85 at khoy Airport, Iran, 2015

British Aerospace promoted the BAe 146 to airlines as a "feederliner" and short-haul regional airliner.[2] The airframe of the aircraft and many other key areas were designed to be as simple as possible. The engines lack thrust reversers due to their perceived reduced effectiveness in anticipated conditions. Instead, the BAe 146 features a large airbrake with two petals below the tail rudder at the rear of the fuselage, which has the advantage of being usable during flight and allowing for steep descent rates if required.[20]

The aircraft proved to be useful on "high density" regional and short-haul routes. In economy class, the BAe 146 can either be configured in a standard five-abreast layout or a high-density six-abreast layout, making it one of very few regional jets that can use a six-abreast layout in economy class.[18] Reportedly, the aircraft is profitable on most routes with only marginally more than half the seats occupied.[6]

The BAe 146 is also renowned for its relatively quiet operation, a positive feature that appealed to those operators that wanted to provide services to noise-sensitive airports within cities.[18][21] The aircraft is one of only a few types that can be used on flights to London City Airport, which has a unique steep approach and a short runway; for several years the BAe 146 was the only conventional jet aircraft capable of flying from London City Airport.[22][23]

Features

Rear view of a BAe 146-300 in flight. (Note the deployed airbrake)

According to the BAe 146's chief designer, Bob Grigg, from the very start of the design process, making the aircraft as easy to maintain as possible and keeping operator's running costs as low as possible were considerably high priorities.[24] Grigg highlighted factors such as design simplicity, using off-the-shelf components where possible, and the internal use of firm cost targets and continuous monitoring. British Aerospace also adopted a system of cost guarantees between component suppliers and the operators of the BAe 146 in order to enforce stringent requirements.[25]

Drawing on experience from the Hawker Siddeley Trident and the Airbus A300, both the fuselage and wing were carefully designed for a reduced part count and complexity.[26] A high-mounted wing was adopted with an uninterrupted top surface; the BAe 146's wing did not make use of leading-edge extensions, which also enabled a simplified fixed tailplane.[27] The undercarriage of the aircraft is toughened to resist damage and stability is maximised by the placement of landing gear, of particular value when operating from rough airstrips.[1]

The BAe 146 was the second aircraft, after the Concorde, to use carbon brakes.[1] The aircraft features a low amount of composite material, used in parts of the secondary structure only.[26] Initial production aircraft featured a conventional cockpit and manual flight controls.[20] At launch, the onboard auxiliary power unit (APU) consumed only half the fuel and weighed only a third as much as other contemporary models.[26]

Engines

Close view of a pair of ALF 502 engines

The BAe 146 is powered by four Avco Lycoming ALF 502 turbofan engines, which are fixed on pylons underneath the aircraft's high wing.[5] The ALF 502 was derived from the Lycoming T55 turboshaft powerplant that powers the Chinook heavy transport helicopter. Notably, the ALF 502 had a very low level of operational noise, much lower than most other competing aircraft. This was achieved partly by the engine's high bypass ratio along with additional sound damping layers built into the engine.[6]

Early on, the decision to adopt four engines for a feeder airliner rather than two has been viewed as atypical to some commentators. Advantages of adopting the four engine configuration includes greater redundancy and superior takeoff performance from short runways, as well as in hot and high conditions.[5] Electrical power is primarily provided by generators located on each of the outboard engines.[18] For ease of maintenance and reduced operator costs, the ALF 502 is of a modular design and makes minimum use of specialist tooling.[28]

The ALF 502 has experienced multiple issues. Its internal electronics could overheat, triggering an automatic shutdown of an engine with no option for inflight restart, and certain rare atmospheric conditions could cause a loss of engine thrust due to internal icing.[29] Additionally, the BAe 146 experienced some issues with its bleed air and cabin pressurization systems, leading to a number of fume events where irritant fumes were introduced into the cabin via the pressurizing system. Some people claim such incidents can cause aerotoxic syndrome in humans, due to the potential presence of minute quantities of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and other chemicals in jet engine oil, which may be introduced into engine bleed air if there is a seal failure in the engine, and therefore into the cabin via the pressurizing system. Such people believe that this possible exposure to TCP constitutes a dangerous health risk. However, aviation medical authorities do not recognize aerotoxic syndrome as a medical syndrome, and experts claim that the amounts of TCP present in jet oil is much lower than the dose required to cause harm to humans.[30][31][32]

Operational history

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. In May 1983, British airline Dan-Air became the first carrier to launch services using British Aerospace's new 146; the first revenue-earning service was flown between London Gatwick Airport and Berne Airport.[33] On 1 July 1984, the first of 20 BAe 146s ordered by Pacific Southwest Airlines was officially delivered.[34] Air Wisconsin was another major US operator of the 146, replacing their fleet of turboprop Fokker F27 Friendships with the type.[35] In 1985, Aspen Airways inaugurated the first scheduled jet service into Aspen, Colorado in the Rocky Mountains of the western U.S. with a BAe 146-100 operating from an airfield with an elevation of 7,820 feet. It was announced in January 1987 that the BAe 146 had been selected to launch the first jet services from London City Airport; it was chosen due to its unmatched flying characteristics and ability to operate from so-called STOLports.[36]

The 146 was introduced into Royal Air Force service in 1986 as a VIP transport; it was the first jet aircraft to be operated by 32 (The Royal) Squadron.[37] According to Flight International, at least 25 executive aircraft have been produced for various customers, many of these had undergone conversions following airline operations.[38]

The type was widely used for passenger services in Australia from the late 1980s until the early 2000s, where the aircraft was suited for long-distance, low-volume routes. 18 were in service with Ansett Australia in 1999.[39] The BAe 146 was also operated by East-West, taking delivery of eight from 1990, until the company was absorbed into Ansett. Cobham Aviation Services Australia began operations under the Airlink brand on behalf of Australian Airlines (and later Qantas) in 1990 using the type until 2005. As of 2012, Cobham continue to operate 15 BAe 146 and Avro RJ variants for scheduled cargo and passenger charter operations, including the second production airframe, a -100 model converted to QT specification which first flew in January 1982 as part of the testing and certification program.[40]

The initial customer for the BAe RJ85 series was Crossair, who took delivery of their first aircraft on 23 April 1993.[19]

Several major cargo operators have operated the type. As of 2012, the BAe 146 QT is the most numerous aircraft in TNT Airways's air freighter fleet.[41] In 2012, it was announced that the RAF would acquire the BAe 146M as an interim transport aircraft between the retirement of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules and the introduction of the larger Airbus A400M Atlas.[37][42]

Variants

BAe 146 CC.2 (BAe 146-100 Statesman) of No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron RAF
Lufthansa Avro RJ85
Flybe BAe 146-300 at Glasgow International Airport, 2006
BAe 146 STA demonstrator

BAe 146-100, Avro RJ70 & BAe 146 Statesman

First flight of the -100 occurred on 3 September 1981, with deliveries commencing in 1983.[43] The launch customer in March 1983 was Dan-Air, soon followed by the RAF's Royal Flight. The -100 was the last of the 146 series designs to be developed into the Avro RJ standard with first deliveries of the Avro RJ70 in late 1993. The RJ70 differed from the 146-100 in having FADEC LF 507 engines and digital avionics. The RJ70 seats 70 passengers five abreast, 82 six abreast or 94 in high-density configuration. The Queen's Flight acquired a total of three 146s, all being fitted with a luxurious bespoke interior. The aircraft are operated in a VIP configuration with a capacity of 19 passengers and six crew. The BAe 146-100QC is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-100QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

BAe 146-200 and Avro RJ85

The 146-200 features a 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) fuselage extension and reduced cost per seat mile. The -200 first flew in August 1982 and entered service six months later. The RJ85, the first RJ development of the BAe 146 family, features an improved cabin and the more efficient LF 507 engines. Deliveries of the RJ85 began in April 1993. The RJ85 seats up to 112 passengers. The BAe 146-200QC is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-200QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

Two BAe 146-200QC aircraft have been converted to "C3" standard for the RAF, with infrared countermeasures systems and flare dispensers, for use in Afghanistan.[44]

BAe 146-300, Avro RJ100, and RJ115

Designers' initial proposals for the -300, the final development of the 146 product line, included a 3.2 m extension to the fuselage of the -200, more powerful engines and winglets. However, due to airlines requesting greater operating efficiencies rather than more capacity, the production 146-300 emerged as a 2.44 m stretch of the -200, without winglets or the proposed ALF 502R-7. Deliveries began in December 1988. The Avro version of the 146-300, the second such development of the 146 product line, became the RJ100. It shared the fuselage of the 146 version, but with interior, engine and avionics improvements. The most common configuration in the RJ100 seats 100 passengers. An RJ115 variant, the same physical size but with an increased MTOW and different emergency exits, was marketed but never entered production;[45][46] it sat 116 as standard or up to a maximum of 128 in a high-density layout. A modified BAe 146-301 is used as a Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM). The BAe 146-300QC is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-300QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

BAe 146STA

Throughout the production life of the BAe 146, British Aerospace proposed a number of specialised military versions, including side- and rear-loading transports, an airborne tanker version,[47] and a carrier onboard delivery version.[48] Out of these proposals the BAe 146STA (Sideloading Tactical Airlifter), based on the BAe 146QT cargo aircraft and sharing the same cargo door on the left side of the rear fuselage, was produced. This military transport version has a refuelling probe protruding from the nose; a demonstrator, fitted with a dummy refuelling probe and an air-openable paratroop door was displayed at the 1989 Paris Air Show and carried out extensive demonstration tours, but no orders resulted.[49]

BAe 146M

BAE Systems announced the BAe 146M programme in 2009, designed to provide ex-civilian BAe 146-200 and -300 aircraft to military operators, available either in either passenger or freighter configurations.[50] Upgrades and alterations made to the type include new glass cockpit avionics, additional fuel tanks, increased steep approach and unpaved runway operation capabilities, and being outfitted with defensive aids; however a rear cargo door was not introduced. BAE has stated that the 146M is suitable for performing airlift, medical evacuation, para-drop, surveillance, or inflight refueling operations.[51]

Avro RJX series

The RJX-70, RJX-85 and RJX-100 variants represented advanced versions of the Avro RJ Series. The RJX series used Honeywell AS977 turbofans for greater efficiency (15% less fuel-burn, 17% increased range), quieter performance and 20% lower maintenance costs.[52] Bhutan carrier Drukair ordered two RJX-85s, while British European placed firm orders for 12 RJX-100s and eight options.[53] However, BAE Systems terminated the project in December 2001, having completed and flown only three aircraft—a prototype each of the RJX-85 and RJX-100, and a production RJX-100 for British European. BAE reached an agreement with Druk Air and British European in early 2002 in which the airlines agreed not to enforce their firm orders for the RJX. BAE explored the possibility of manufacturing 14 "hybrid" aircraft, however British European at least was unwilling to accept the risk of operating a unique type.[54]

Firefighter conversions

A BAE-146-200 firefighting in California

Firefighting air tanker versions of both the BAe 146 and the Avro RJ85 have been manufactured via the conversion of aircraft previously operated by airlines.[55] Several organisations carry out such conversions, including U.S.-based Minden Air Corporation, Neptune Aviation Services, and Aero Flite.[56][57][58][59] In January 2012, Conair Group announced its arrangements to market and promote the Avro RJ85 as a major air tanker platform.[60] In October 2012, Air Spray Aviation of Alberta, Canada purchased its first BAe 146 for conversion into an air tanker.[55] Air Spray purchased a second airframe for conversion in October 2013.[61]

Aircraft on display

  • G-IRJX British Aerospace 146-RJX100 C/n E3378 Preserved near Manchester Airport.[62]
  • G-JEAO BAe 146-100 at the de Havilland Aircraft Museum, London Colney, Hertfordshire, England.

Operators

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: List of BAe 146 operators

Civilian operators

RJ70 EFIS cockpit
Lufthansa Avro RJ85
Atlantic Airways BAe 146-200
Cabin of a CityJet Avro RJ85
BAe 146

As of January 2014 a total of 86 BAE 146 aircraft (all variants) remain in airline service.[63] Major operators include:

 Australia
 Belgium
 Bolivia
 Botswana
 Bulgaria
 Chile
 Djibouti
 Equatorial Guinea
 Germany
 Greece
 Ghana
 India
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Kyrgyzstan
 Libya
 New Zealand
 Philippines
 Peru
 Spain
 United Kingdom
 United States
  • Neptune Aviation (5 aerial firefighting air tankers)
Avro RJ

As of January 2014, a total of 102 Avro RJ aircraft (all variants) also remain in airline service.[63] Major operators include:

 Australia
 Belgium
 Botswana
 Bulgaria
 Canada
 Chile
 Faroe Islands
 Greece
 Iran
 Ireland
 Libya
 Sweden
 South Africa
  Switzerland
 Uzbekistan
 Zimbabwe

Military operators

 Bahrain
 Bolivia
Libya Libyan Republic
 United Kingdom

Former military operators

 Mali
   Nepal
 Saudi Arabia

Accidents and incidents

The BAe-146/Avro RJ has been involved in 13 hull-loss accidents with a total of 223 fatalities and one criminal occurrence with 43 fatalities.[69][70]

  • On 7 December 1987, Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 BAe 146-200 (registration N350PS) crashed after a recently terminated disgruntled USAir employee aimed a .44 Magnum pistol and fired several shots in and near the cockpit area, killing the flight crew and causing the aircraft to enter a steep nosedive, picking up speed to 770 mph (1,239 km/h). The aircraft slammed into a hillside near Cayucos, California killing the 43 passengers and crew. At the time, airline employees were allowed to bypass security checkpoints.[71][72]
  • On 20 February 1991, a chartered LAN Chile BAe 146-200A (registration CC-CET) overran runway 8 while landing at Puerto Williams Airport, Chile, killing 20 of the 73 people on board.[73][74]
  • On 22 March 1992, an Ansett Australia BAe 146-200A (registration VH-JJP) experienced a failure of all four engines (a condition known as an uncommanded rollback) and the electrical system at night while en route from Karratha to Perth, Western Australia in icing conditions. The aircraft landed safely at Meekatharra following restart of the engines at lower altitude.[75]
  • On 23 July 1993, a China Northwest Flight 2119 BAe 146-300 (registration B-2716) crashed while departing Yinchuan Airport, China. 55 of the 113 passengers and crew were killed.[76]
  • On 23 February 1998, a Turkish Airlines Avro RJ.100 was hijacked by a Turkish man demanding to be taken to Iran. He was persuaded to allow the plane to land at Diyarbakir Airport in Turkey for refueling. He was overpowered by the passengers and crew while police was preparing to assault the plane.[77]
  • On 25 September 1998, PauknAir Flight 4101 BAe 146-100 (registration EC-GEO) crashed on approach to runway 15 at Melilla Airport, Spain, killing the 38 passengers and crew.[78]
  • On 17 July 2000, CityFlyer Express Flight 8106 was hijacked to the United Kingdom by a passenger demanding political asylum.[79]
  • On 24 November 2001, Crossair Flight 3597 Avro RJ-100 (registration HB-IXM) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 28 at Zürich-Kloten Airport, Switzerland. 24 of the 33 passengers and crew were killed.[80]
  • On 8 January 2003, Turkish Airlines Flight 634, an Avro RJ-100 (registration TC-THG) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 34 at Diyarbakir Airport, Turkey. 75 of the 80 passengers and crew were killed.[81]
  • On 10 October 2006, an Atlantic Airways Flight 670 BAe 146-200A (registration OY-CRG) skidded off the runway while landing at Stord Airport, Norway. The spoilers did not deploy when the aircraft landed. Sixteen people were aboard; three passengers and one crew member were killed.[82][83]
  • On 9 April 2009, a BAe 146-300 belonging to Aviastar Mandiri, an Indonesian charter operator, crashed into Pike Mountain, Wamena and burst into flames killing all six crew after being ordered by the air traffic controller to abort the initial landing attempt.[84]
  • On 8 May 2013, Nusantara Air Charter BAe 146-200 PK-JKC was destroyed on the ground by fire caused by an unloading accident at Wamena Airport, Indonesia.[85]
  • On 29 April 2014, Cobham Aviation Flight NC1994, an Avro RJ100 (registration VH-NJI) operating a scheduled charter flight from Perth to Barrow Island for Chevron Australia, suffered an uncontained engine failure shortly after takeoff from Perth Airport. Engine number two was shut down by the pilot, causing the fire to be extinguished, and the aircraft returned to Perth Airport where it made an emergency landing. All 92 passengers and five crew were unharmed.[86][87][88]

Specifications (BAe 146-200)

Line drawings of BAe 146-200
External video
video icon Avro RJ-85 landing in high crosswinds at Dublin Airport

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94[89]

General characteristics

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 498 mph (432 knots, 801 km/h) at 29,000 ft (8,840 m) (high speed cruise)
  • Range: 1,808 mi (1,570 nmi, 2,909 km) (Standard fuel)
  • Service ceiling: 9,500 m (31,000 ft)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Velupillai 1981, p. 1253.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Velupillai 1981, p. 1243.
  3. ↑ Frawley, p. 72
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Velupillai 1981, p. 1244.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hewish 1982, p. 857.
  7. ↑ Air International, January 1974, pp. 19–20.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Air International September 1980, p. 131.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Hewish 1982, p. 858.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ "Coming: Smaller Jetliners." Popular Mechanics, September 1984. 161(9), p. 98.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Velupillai 1981, pp. 1249, 1252.
  17. ↑ "Stretched BAe 146 Twin in the Works." Flying Magazine, March 1991. 118(3), p. 8.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "VLM Introduces Jet Aircraft." Velocity, VLM Magazine, May 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Commercial Aircraft Directory - Avro RJ-85ER." Flight Global, Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Velupillai 1981, p. 1245.
  21. ↑ Budd, Henry. "Why some flights are exempt from the airport curfew." The Australian, 16 November 2012.
  22. ↑ Ashford, Mumayiz and Wright 2011, p. 597.
  23. ↑ Cockcroft, Lucy. "London City Airport crash: BA Avro RJ jets have experienced problems before." Telegraph, 14 February 2009.
  24. ↑ Velupillai 1981, pp. 1245-1246, 1253.
  25. ↑ Grigg, Bob. "146 - Design for Maintenance." Flight International, 2 May 1981. p. 1254.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Velupillai 1981, p. 1246.
  27. ↑ Velupillai 1981, pp. 1244-1245.
  28. ↑ "How to make Flight Pay." Flight International, 28 April 1979. p. 1415.
  29. ↑ UPDATE: Braathens have BAe 146 aircraft. (Brief Article). HighBeam Research
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Goldbern, Adrian. "Pilots protest over 'noxious' air." BBC News, 21 October 2007.
  32. ↑ "Pilot suffers from oil leak fumes." BBC News, 20 February 2004.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Reed, Arthur. "Initial BAe 146s delivered to PSA." Air Transport World, 1 July 1984.
  35. ↑ Del Ponte, Ann. "Air Wis plans Dulles Expansion." Milwaukee Sentinel, 28 March 1989.
  36. ↑ Reed, Arthur. "New Eurocity Express to operate out of London STOLport." Air Transport World, 1 January 1987.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Royal Pain Relief: Britain’s RAF Adding BAe-146 Jets." Defense Industry Daily, 27 June 2012.
  38. ↑ Sarsfield, Kate. "Aviation trading company remarkets and revamps Avro RJ and BAe 146 series for multi-mission markets." Flight International, 25 May 2011.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ "TNT Airways at a Glance." TNT, Retrieved: 17 November 2012.
  42. ↑ Hoyle, Craig. "RAF to fly second-hand BAe 146s in Afghanistan." Flight International, 12 January 2012.
  43. ↑ Taylor 1988, p. 284.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. BA16, Issue 16." Civil Aviation Authority, March 1999, pp. 5, 8.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Skinner 2005, p. 21.
  48. ↑ Skinner 2005, p. 22.
  49. ↑ Skinner 2005, pp. 22–24.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Hoyle, Craig. "DSEi: PICTURES: BAE pitches 146 for military airlift role." Flight International, 9 September 2009.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ British European Confirms Order for 20 Avro 20 RJX-100 Airliners and Selects Jetspares & EFDMS, BAE Systems. Retrieved 1 January 2008. Archived 11 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Urseny, Laura. "Canadian company settling in at Chico airport, converting plane to aerial firefighter." ChicoER.com, 28 October 2012.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Moores, Victoria. "VIDEO: Nevada's Minden pursues fire-fighter role for BAe 146." Flight International, 30 January 2009.
  60. ↑ "Conair and Falko Sign AVRO RJ85 Airtanker Marketing Agreement." aviationpros.com, 25 January 2012.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Star Peru buys 2 new BAe 146
  66. ↑ CityJet Avro RJ85
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Aviation Safety Network - BAe 146
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Aviation Safety Network report - 7 December 1987 crash
  72. ↑ Witkin, Richard. "Experts Seek to Determine If Shots Played Role in Crash." New York Times, 9 December 1987.
  73. ↑ Aviation Safety Network report - 20 February 1991 crash
  74. ↑ "19 U.S. Tourists Killed In Beagle Channel Crash; Chilean Plane Was on Leg of Antarctica Tour." Washington Post, 21 February 1991.
  75. ↑ "British Aerospace BAe 146-200A VH-JJP - Report B/925/3042." Australian Bureau of Air Safety, 22 March 1992.
  76. ↑ Aviation Safety Network report - 23 July 1993 crash
  77. ↑ Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network
  78. ↑ Aviation Safety Network report – 25 September 1998
  79. ↑ Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network
  80. ↑ Aviation Safety Network report - 24 November 2001 crash
  81. ↑ Aviation Safety Network report - 8 January 2003 crash
  82. ↑ "Norway runway blaze kills three." BBC News, 10 October 2006.
  83. ↑ Aviation Safety Network report - 10 October 2006 crash
  84. ↑ "Six Dead After Cargo Plane Crashes in Papua’s Mountains." Jakarta Globe, Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ "Plane in Perth Airport emergency" "The West Australian", 29 April 2014
  87. ↑ "Reports of plane on fire at Perth Airport" "WAtoday.com.au", 29 April 2014
  88. ↑ "Barrow Island-bound plane catches fire" "Upstream Online" 29 April 2014
  89. ↑ Lambert 1993, pp. 383–5.

Bibliography

  • Ashford, Norman J., Saleh Mumayiz and Paul H. Wright. "Airport Engineering: Planning, Design and Development of 21st Century Airports." John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 1-1180-0529-5.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Hewish, Mark. "Britain's First New Airliner for 18 years." New Scientist, 94(1311), 24 June 1982. pp. 857–859.
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  • Velupillai, David. "British Aerospace 146 Described." Flight International, 2 May 1981. pp. 1243–1253.

External links

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